Jump to content

Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"FIA" redirects here. For other uses, see FIA (disambiguation).
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
AbbreviationFIA
Formation20 June 1904; 120 years ago (1904-06-20) (as AIACR)
TypeNon-profit[1]
Legal statusInternational association[2]
PurposeMotorists' issues
Motorsports
HeadquartersPlace de la Concorde
Location
  • Paris, France
Region served
International
Membership
240 national organisations
Official language
English
French
Spanish[3]
President
United Arab Emirates Mohammed Ben Sulayem
Main organ
General Assembly
AffiliationsInternational Olympic Committee
World Health Organization
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
World Tourism Organization
UN Environment Programme
Websitewww.fia.com Edit this at Wikidata

The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA; English: International Automobile Federation) is an international organisation with two primary functions surrounding use of the automobile. Its mobility division advocates the interests of motoring organisations, the automotive industry and motor car users in the fields of road safety and traffic circulation. The sport division is a governing body for many international motorsport championships and disciplines, including Formula One.

The FIA was formally established on 20 June 1904. It is headquartered at 8 Place de la Concorde, Paris, with offices in Geneva, Valleiry and London. The FIA consists of 243 member organisations in 147 countries worldwide.[4] Its current president is Mohammed bin Sulayem. The FIA is generally known by its French name or initials, even in non-French-speaking countries, but is occasionally rendered as International Automobile Federation.[5][6]

Its most prominent role is in the licensing and sanctioning of Formula One, World Rally Championship, World Endurance Championship, TCR World Tour, World Rallycross Championship, Formula E, and various other forms of racing. The FIA along with the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) also certify land speed record attempts. The International Olympic Committee provisionally recognised the federation in 2011, and granted full recognition in 2013.[7][8]

History

[edit]

The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR, English: 'International Association of Recognized Automobile Clubs') was founded in Paris on 20 June 1904, as an association of national motor clubs. The association was designed to represent the interests of motor car users, as well as to oversee the burgeoning international motor sport scene.

In 1922, the AIACR established the Commission Sportive Internationale (CSI), which would oversee international motorsport matters, such as setting the regulations for Grand Prix motor racing. Previously, this responsibility had been entrusted to the sporting commission of the Automobile Club de France. The European Drivers' Championship was introduced in 1931, a title awarded to the driver with the best results in the selected Grands Prix.

Upon resumption of motorsport after the Second World War, the AIACR was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. The FIA established a number of championships in the following years; the World Championship for Drivers in 1950, and the World Championship for Sports Cars in 1953. That same year it also established the European Rally Championship, and then in 1963, the European Touring Car Challenge.

In 1962, the FIA created the Commission Internationale de Karting (CIK, also CIK-FIA), to oversee the growing karting discipline at international level, with a Nations Cup organised in the first year.[9]

In 1978, Jean-Marie Balestre begun his presidency of the CSI, and it was renamed to Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA), with the intention of creating a governing body for automobile motor sport with some autonomy from the rest of the FIA, which retained control of the karting commission, CIK. Balestre believed motor sport was not being managed well and wanted to professionalise and commercialise the sport, particularly in Formula One which led to a dispute with participants known as the FISA–FOCA war. Balestre later took presidency of the FIA in 1985, managing presidencies of both federations simultaneously. He lost the FISA presidency in 1991, and the FIA presidency in 1993, to Max Mosley on both occasions. It was clear to both Balestre and Mosley, and agreed by the FIA General Assembly upon proposition that there was no need for two federations, and subsequent to Mosley's FIA election, FISA was abolished in structural changes, bringing all motorsport under the control of the World Motor Sport Council.[10]

In 1998, amidst the European Commission investigation, the FIA moved its headquarters to Geneva, Switzerland, outside the jurisdiction of the Commission. In 2001, the FIA moved back to Paris following the settlement however it retains its office in Geneva.

Also in 1998, the karting commission (CIK) gained some independence, becoming known as the Fédération Mondial de Karting (FMK, also known as FMK-FIA and distinct from separate organisations International Kart Federation and World Karting Association). However the Federation was short lived and in 2000, reverted back to being known as the CIK.[11][12]

The FIA announced in 2022 the appointment of its first ever CEO, Natalie Robyn.[13] Robyn resigned the position after 18 months and as of August 2024 the position remains vacant.[14]

Organisational structure

[edit]
Headquarters of the FIA at the Place de la Concorde

General Assembly

[edit]

The General Assembly is the Federation's supreme governing body, consisting of representatives from each of the FIA's member associations. According to the FIA's website, the voting member associations can be automobile and touring clubs (mobility), or national sporting authorities (sport).[15] The website further states that there are 244 organisations spread among 146 countries.[16]

Meetings of the General Assembly are usually held once a year, though extraordinary meetings can be convened for urgent matters. The General Assembly has responsibility for amending the FIA's statutes and regulations, approving the annual budget and reports, deciding upon the membership, and electing the officers and members to the Federation's governing bodies.

Presidency

[edit]

The head of the FIA and chairman of the General Assembly is the President, a position currently held by Mohammed bin Sulayem.[17] The President coordinates the activities of the Federation and proposes resolutions to the various commissions and committees and also acts as the representative of the FIA to external organisations. They are supported by two Deputy Presidents and several vice-presidents, each for Sport or Mobility, as well as the President of the FIA Senate. The combined presidency is elected to a four-year term by the General Assembly. Presidential candidates must produce an electoral list consisting of their proposed Deputy Presidents, Vice-Presidents for Sport, and the President of the Senate, as well as demonstrate support from a number of member clubs.[18]

FIA Presidents
Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR)
Term President Nationality
1904–1931 Baron Étienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt  Belgium
1931–1936 Count Robert de Vogüé  France
1936–1946 Viscount Jehan de Rohan-Chabot  France
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)
Term President Nationality
1946–1958 Jehan de Rohan-Chabot  France
1958–1963 Count Hadelin de Liedekerke-Beaufort  Belgium
1963–1965 Filippo Caracciolo  Italy
1965–1971 Wilfred Andrews  United Kingdom
1971–1975 Prince Amaury de Merode  Belgium
1975–1985 Prince Paul Alfons Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg  Austria
1985–1993 Jean-Marie Balestre  France
1993–2009 Max Mosley  United Kingdom
2009–2021 Jean Todt  France
2021–present Mohammed Ben Sulayem  United Arab Emirates
FIA Deputy Presidents for Sport
Term Deputy President Nationality
Deputises the FIA President as Chair of the World Motor Sport Council
1993–1997 Alfredo César Torres  Portugal
1998–2008 Marco Piccinini  Italy
2009–2021 Graham Stoker  United Kingdom
2021–present Robert Reid  United Kingdom

World Councils

[edit]

The FIA has two World Councils. The World Council for Automobile Mobility and Tourism (WCAMT) governs transport policy, road safety, tourism and environmental concerns. The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) regulates all sporting disciplines claimed by the FIA, and approves the regulations for each of the FIA's championships. Beneath the WMSC are a number of specialised commissions, which are either focused on individual championships, or general areas such as safety.[19]

Senate

[edit]

The FIA Senate generally oversees financial and commercial affairs and general management of the FIA, and can take decisions required between meetings of the relevant committee or World Council.[20]

Administration

[edit]

Sport and Mobility each have a Secretary General to head the administrative staff who function as intermediaries for the councils, commissions and committees. A Chief Administration Officer also heads areas supporting the Senate such as commercial, legal, marketing, events and financial.[21]

Commissions

[edit]

A number of commissions exist to further activities or aims within specific areas. Each may have their own presidency and could be broken down into further specific working groups. Individual members may be from member organisations joined by delegates and representatives from various professions or through a related connection such as being a motorsport competitor for example. Alongside the various Sporting and Mobility Commissions, the International Historical Commission exists for the preservation of historic vehicles.

Committees

[edit]

Ten sports committees have been established by the World Motorsport Council to help manage and administer certain aspects of motorsport. An Ethics committee was also set up in 2012 by the General Assembly.[22]

Judiciary

[edit]

The FIA's judicial bodies include the International Tribunal, which exercises disciplinary powers that are not dealt with by the meeting stewards, and the International Court of Appeal. The ICA is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport, which resolves disputes brought before it by National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motoring organisations affiliated to the FIA.[23]

Sporting governance

[edit]

FIA World Motor Sport Council

[edit]

The World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) has the decision-making responsibility for all motorsport the FIA governs and sanctions. It convenes at least three times a year to decide on rules and regulations proposed to it by the commissions and committees that have direct responsibility of the various disciplines and championships. The WMSC also discusses safety and development of motor sport and steers the commissions and committees through delegated tasks.[24][25] The council consists of the President of the FIA, the Deputy President for Sport and seven Vice-Presidents as nominated by the President; five members by right and fourteen further members approved by the General Assembly.

World Championship Commissions

[edit]

Each of the seven World Championships report directly to the WMSC, usually to propose amendments to their own rules and regulations.

WMSC Committees

[edit]

Alongside the Manufacturer's Committee, nine sporting committees report to the WMSC. The committees, shown below in bold, may have their own specialised commissions.

  • Single seater
  • Circuit Sport
    • Drag racing
    • Drifting
    • Truck racing
    • GT
    • Touring car
    • Electric and new energy championships
    • Esports
  • Historic motorsport
  • Road Sport
    • Rally
    • Cross-Country rally
    • Land speed records
    • Hill climb
    • Off-road
  • Sport Member Clubs
    • Volunteers and officials
  • Drivers
  • Sustainability and D&I
    • Sport, Environment & Sustainability
    • Sport Disability & Accessibility
    • Women in Motorsport
  • Homologation regulations
  • Technical & Safety
    • Circuits
    • Closed road
    • Medical

2022 ban of Russian and Belarusian teams and competitions

[edit]

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the FIA banned Russia and Belarus teams, and banned the holding of competitions in Russia or Belarus.[26] It also excluded Russian and Belarusian FIA members from their roles as elected officers or commission members, and banned FIA grants to Russian and Belarusian members.[26] Individual Russia and Belarus competitors were allowed to enter races as neutrals, without their national symbols, flags, colours and anthems.[27] The FIA cancelled the 2022 edition of the Russian Grand Prix in Sochi, initially scheduled for 25 September.[28] The FIA also terminated the Russian contract to host the race.[29]


Championships

[edit]
See also: List of FIA championships

The true history of Formula One began in the 1946 Grand Prix season with the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA's) standardisation of rules for Formula One cars. The first Grand Prix in accordance with this new regulations was the 1946 Turin Grand Prix. Then in the 1950 Formula One season, the FIA organised the first World Championship for Drivers. From the 1958 season, a World Constructors' Championship title was introduced, named from the 1958 season to the 1980 season officially as the International Cup for Formula One Constructors. Formula One originated from the World Manufacturers' Championship (1925–1930) and European Drivers' Championship (1931–1939) which were organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).

The World Sportscar Championship was created in the 1953 World Sportscar Championship season, and was the first points series for sports car racing in the world. The official name frequently varied throughout the period and from the 1962 season to the 1971 season the championship was officially known as the International Championship. The championship was solely for manufacturers up to the 1981 season when a Drivers Championship title was introduced. From the 1953 season to the 1984 season, titles were awarded to manufacturers of sports cars belonging to two main categories: Sports prototypes (except for the 1978 to 1981 seasons) and GT cars (except for the 1953 to 1961 and 1982 seasons). From the 1985 season to the 1992 season, titles were awarded only to teams entering Sports prototypes (instead of manufacturers of Sports prototypes), excluding teams entering GT cars. After the 1992 season the World Sportscar Championship was cancelled and dissolved, revived again in the 2012 season under the new name as the FIA World Endurance Championship.

In the 1973 World Rally Championship season, the FIA organised the first World Rally Championship beginning with the 42nd Rally of Monte-Carlo to replace the International Championship for Manufacturers. Initially the championship was solely for manufacturers. In the 1977 and 1978 seasons, an FIA Cup for Drivers was included before a Driver's Championship title was introduced in the 1979 season.

In the 1987 World Touring Car Championship season, the FIA sanctioned the World Touring Car Championship. Initially a one-off series for touring car racing, the title was revived in the 2005 season and discontinued at the end of the 2017 season.

In the 2010 FIA GT1 World Championship season, the SRO Group introduced the FIA GT1 World Championship, which was a championship consisting of one-hour sprint races for GT cars. This world championship ended in the 2012 season. After a switch to GT3 cars in 2012 it became known as the FIA GT Series in the 2013 season.

After the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) successfully organised the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup (ILMC) in the 2010 and 2011 Intercontinental Le Mans Cup seasons, the FIA and ACO organised together the rebirth of the defunct World Sportscar Championship for both Sports prototypes and GT cars from the 2012 season onward, now officially known as the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC).

Starting in 2022 season, the FIA and FIM jointly sanctioned the World Rally-Raid Championship. With the Amaury Sport Organization (ASO) acting as promotor and organiser; the separate cross-country rallying series sanctioned by the FIA and FIM were dissolved and merged into the new World Championship.

FIA World Championships

[edit]

Key: Constructors/manufacturers = The person or corporate entity that owns the intellectual rights to the chassis and the engine of the car that a team/entrant enters into a competition.[30]; Teams/entrants = The person or corporate entity that registers a car and driver for a competition, and is then responsible for preparing and maintaining that car for the duration of the competition.

Championship Driver's title Constructor/manufacturer's title Team/entrant's title
Current
Formula One World Championship 1950– 1958– [a] –
Karting World Championship 1964– – –
World Rally Championship 1979– 1973– –
World Endurance Championship [b] 2012– 2012– 2018–
World Rallycross Championship 2014– – 2014–
Formula E World Championship 2020– – 2020–
World Rally-Raid Championship 2022– 2022– –
Former
World Manufacturers' Championship [c] – 1925–1927 [d] –
World Sportscar Championship [e] 1981–1992 1953–1984 1985–1992
World Touring Car Championship 1987, 2005–2017 2005–2017 1987
GT1 World Championship 2010–2012 – 2010–2012
  1. ^ In 1958 - 1980 officially as the International Cup.
  2. ^ A revival of the defunct World Sportscar Championship which ended in 1992.
  3. ^ Organised by the AIACR (The Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus).
  4. ^ The championship was officially cancelled in 1930, but in 1928–1930 no titles were awarded.
  5. ^ The official name frequently varied throughout the period. In 1962–1971 as the International Championship. Revived in 2012 as the World Endurance Championship.

Mobility and tourism

[edit]

Carnet de Passages en Douane

[edit]
Main article: Carnet de Passages en Douane

In 1913, the AIACR created the Carnet de Passages en Douane (CPD), allowing motorists to cross international borders into signatory territories for temporary periods without customs tariffs, duties or taxes payable on their personal vehicles. The CPD works like an insurance product, customs are guaranteed to be paid by the issuer if the vehicle does not leave the country within the specified time. Under the terms of the United Nations Customs Convention, only the FIA and the Alliance Internationale de Tourisme (AIT) may authorise carnet issuers.[31][32]

NCAP Programmes

[edit]

The FIA was a founder member of the European New Car Assessment Programme, a car safety programme that crash-tests new models and publishes safety reports on vehicles. Mosley was the first chairman of the organisation.[33] The FIA later helped establish the Latin NCAP, ASEAN NCAP and Global NCAP.

Initiatives

[edit]

FIA Foundation

[edit]

The FIA Foundation was established in 2001 as the FIA's charitable arm.[a][34] A registered charity in the United Kingdom, the foundation received a US$300 million grant from the sale of Formula One's rights to fund research into road safety, the environmental impact of motoring, and to support sustainable motoring. The Make Roads Safe campaign was set up in 2006 by the FIA Foundation, targeting the creation of safe roads across the world.[35]

Critics see it as a tool of the motor industry to increase the acceptability of car-based traffic solutions while blocking alternatives.[36]

Sport

[edit]

Following the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger, the FIA formed an Expert Advisory Safety Committee to research and improve safety in motor racing.[37][38] Chaired by Formula One medical chief Professor Sid Watkins, the committee worked with the Motor Industry Research Association to strengthen the crash resistance of cars and the restraint systems and to improve drivers' personal safety.[38] The recommendations of the committee led to significantly more stringent crash tests for racing vehicles, new safety standards for helmets and race suits, and the eventual introduction of the HANS device as compulsory in all international racing series.[39] The committee also worked on improving circuit safety. This led to a number of changes at motor racing circuits around the world, and the improvement of crash barriers and trackside medical procedures.

FIA Institute

[edit]

The FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety was established in 2004 with the focus of improving safety in motor sport, bringing together the various safety research groups into one organisation.[37] It ceased prior to the 2017 motor sport season, with the Global Institute for Motor Sport Safety taking on its aims.[40][41]

The FIA Institute Young Driver Excellence Academy begun in 2011 with the aim of developing driver talent worldwide. It ceased functioning after the 2015 season.

Controversies

[edit]

Formula One

[edit]

FISA–FOCA war (1970s—1980s)

[edit]
Main article: FISA–FOCA war

The CSI determined the regulations and calendar of the major international championships, such as the Formula One World Championship, World Sportscar Championship and European Rally Championship. Meanwhile, the organisers of the individual races (for example local or national clubs) were responsible for accepting entries, paying prize money, and the general running of each event.[42] In Formula One, this led to tension between the teams, which formed themselves into the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA) founded in 1974, event organisers and the CSI. The FIA and CSI were largely amateur organisations,[43] and FOCA under the control of Bernie Ecclestone began to take charge of various aspects of organising the events, as well as setting terms with race organisers for the arrival of teams and the amount of prize money.[42] This led to the FIA President Prince Metternich attempting to reassert its authority by appointing Jean-Marie Balestre as the head of the CSI in 1978, who promptly reformed the committee into the autonomous Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA).[42]

Under Balestre's leadership FISA and the manufacturer-backed teams became involved in a dispute with FOCA (named the "FISA–FOCA war"). The conflict saw several races being cancelled or boycotted, and large-scale disagreement over the technical regulations and their enforcement. The dispute and the Concorde Agreement that was written to end it, would have significant ramifications for the FIA. The agreement led to FOCA acquiring commercial rights over Formula One, while FISA and the FIA would have control over sport's regulations. FOCA chief Bernie Ecclestone became an FIA Vice-President with control over promoting the FIA's World Championships, while FOCA legal advisor and former March Engineering manager Max Mosley would end up becoming FISA President in 1991. Mosley succeeded Balestre as President of the FIA in 1993 and restructured the organisation, dissolving FISA and placing motor racing under the direct management of the FIA.[43]

Breakaway series (2000s)

[edit]

During the 2000s, the FIA and its president became increasingly embroiled in controversy over Formula One, while facing threats from teams to establish a breakaway series. A grouping of the car manufacturers involved in F1, the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association, proposed a new world championship, which would allow them greater control over the regulations and revenue distribution.[44] A new Concorde Agreement eventually ended the threat, but the breakaway series would resurface during each dispute between the FIA, teams and the Formula One Group. The FIA's handling of the tyre situation at the 2005 United States Grand Prix was criticised.[45] Mosley had refused any modification to the circuit or the holding of a non-championship event in place of the Grand Prix, having stated that running on an untested circuit was unsafe. The FIA also threatened to punish the teams who withdrew from the event, but later cleared the teams of any wrongdoing.[46]

2007 Formula One espionage

[edit]

In 2007 and 2008 the FIA was criticised on two issues. The 2007 Formula One espionage controversy involved accusations against McLaren, who were accused of stealing technological secrets from Ferrari. Commenting on how the FIA handled the situation, Martin Brundle wrote a column in The Sunday Times titled "Witch-hunt threatens to spoil world title race" in which he accused the FIA of a witch-hunt against McLaren.[47] The World Motor Sport Council responded by issuing a writ against The Sunday Times alleging libel.[48] Brundle responded by saying "I have earned the right to have an opinion", and suggested the writ was a "warning sign to other journalists".[49]

FIA–FOTA war (2000s—2010s)

[edit]
Main article: FIA–FOTA dispute

The FIA–FOTA dispute was a series of clashes between the FIA and the now defunct Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) over proposed changes to the rules and regulations for the 2010 Formula One season. The debate began over the introduction of a budget cap and escalated until the eve of the 2009 British Grand Prix with the FOTA teams announcing their intention to form their own rival breakaway series. The FIA in response began an entry process for new teams. From that point onwards, the dispute was negotiated to the point at which a new Concorde Agreement was signed in August 2009, with the budget cap replaced by a series of cost-cutting measures.[50]

European Commission investigation

[edit]

The Competition Directorate of the European Commission and the FIA were involved in a dispute over the commercial administration of motorsport during the 1990s. The Competition Commissioner, Karel Van Miert had received a number of complaints from television companies and motorsport promoters in 1997 that the FIA had been abusing its position as motorsport's governing body.[51] Van Miert's initial inquiry had not concluded by 1999,[52] which resulted in the FIA suing the European Commission, alleging that the delay was causing damaging uncertainty, and successfully receiving an apology from the Commission over the leaking of documents relating to the case.[53] Mario Monti took over as Commissioner in 1999, and the European Commission opened a formal investigation into the FIA.[51] The Commission alleged a number of breaches of European competition law, centred around the FIA's administration of licences required to participate in motorsport and the control of television rights of the motorsport events it authorised.[51] In order to compete in events the FIA authorised, the competitor had to apply for a licence, which prohibited licensees from entering a series not controlled by the FIA. This provision, which also applied to racing circuits and promoters, prevented rival championships competing against the FIA championships by restricting their access to facilities, drivers, and vehicle manufacturers.[51] In addition, the FIA also claimed the television rights to all international motorsport events, which were then transferred to International Sportsworld Communicators, a company controlled by Ecclestone.[51] This meant organisers were forced into having their championships promoted by the same company that managed the affairs of other motorsport events, a potential conflict of interest. The combination of these requirements meant Ecclestone's Formula One Administration, which now controlled Formula One's commercial rights, was protected from competition from any rival championships.[51][52]

The investigation was closed in 2001 after the FIA and FOA agreed to a number of conditions.[54] In order to fairly regulate all international motorsport, the FIA agreed to limit its role to that of a sporting regulator, and would sell the commercial rights to its championships, including Formula One.[55] This was to prevent a conflict of interest between the FIA's regulatory role and any commercial advantages it may gain from the success of certain championships.[54] The FIA could no longer prevent non-FIA administered events from being established, neither could it use its powers to prevent competition to Formula One.[54] Ecclestone and FOA would no longer handle the commercial rights to other motorsport events outside of Formula One.[55] Ecclestone had sold the ISC company, which now only controlled the rights to rallying,[56] and would stand down from his role as an FIA Vice-President.[54] As a result of this ruling, the FIA sold the commercial rights to Formula One to the Formula One Group for 100 years for $360 million.[57]

Max Mosley sex scandal

[edit]

In 2008, accusations surfaced in the British media that FIA president Max Mosley was involved in scandalous sexual behaviour.[58] In response, Mosley faced a leadership challenge in a vote of confidence at the June 2008 General Assembly. Mosley won the vote by 103 votes in support to 55 against,[59] resulting in the retention of Mosley as president. However he continued to face criticism from several motoring clubs and motorsport figures.[60][61] Germany's ADAC (the largest European FIA member), announced, "We view with regret and incredulity the FIA general assembly's decision in Paris, confirming Max Mosley in office as FIA president". It froze all its activities with the FIA until Mosley left office.[62]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile.

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ Founded as the FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 2021 FIA Statutes, Article 1.1
  2. ^ 2021 FIA Statutes, Article 1.1
  3. ^ 2020 FIA Statutes, Article 38.1
  4. ^ "Members". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  5. ^ "FIA - International Automobile Federation". Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  6. ^ "FIA boss: Electric F1 racing is 'simply not possible'". BBC News. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  7. ^ FIA gains official recognition from International Olympic Committee Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine – Autoblog, 16 January 2012
  8. ^ IOC upgrades FIA to full recognition status Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine – Business Standard, 17 September 2013
  9. ^ "FIA Karting". www.fiakarting.com. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  10. ^ "Latest Formula 1 Breaking News - Grandprix.com". www.grandprix.com. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  11. ^ "Former CIK President Buser Passes Away". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. ekartingnews.com
  12. ^ "FIA Karting". www.fiakarting.com. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  13. ^ "FIA appoints first ever CEO". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  14. ^ Jackson, Kieran (9 May 2024). "FIA chief executive Natalie Robyn resigns after just 18 months". The Independent. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  15. ^ "General Assembly". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  16. ^ "Members". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  17. ^ "Mohammed Ben Sulayem elected FIA President". 17 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  18. ^ "Election Guidelines" (PDF). fia.com. FIA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
  19. ^ "World Motor Sport Council". Autosport. 26 July 2007. pp. 8–9.
  20. ^ "Senate". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 12 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  21. ^ "Administration". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  22. ^ "Ethics Committee". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  23. ^ "FIA Courts". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 12 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  24. ^ "World Motor Sport Council". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 12 March 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  25. ^ "The World Motor Sport Council. What is it?". Motor Sport Magazine. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  26. ^ a b Grez, Matias; Sung, Patrick; Sterling, Wayne (1 March 2022). "These are the sports that Russia has been suspended from". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  27. ^ "A glance at reaction of sports to Russian invasion". AP News. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  28. ^ "Russian Grand Prix cancelled following invasion of Ukraine". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  29. ^ "F1 announces termination of Russian GP contract". motorsport.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  30. ^ Verlin, Kurt (10 October 2017). "Quick Guide to Formula One Constructors". The News Wheel. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  31. ^ "Carnet de passages - What is a CPD". Carnet De Passages. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  32. ^ "Carnet de Passage en Douanes (CPD)". CARS. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  33. ^ Viner, Brian (19 July 2003). "Max Mosley: Mosley the grand machinator of Formula One". Independent.co.uk. London: Independent Print. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  34. ^ "Policies and Programmes". FIA. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  35. ^ Robertson, George (17 May 2007). "The reduction of road traffic deaths should be an international priority". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  36. ^ "Archive News". The Hindu. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  37. ^ a b "Feature: A History of Safety". FIA.com. 5 January 2006. Archived from the original on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  38. ^ a b Saward, Joe (1 February 1996). "The future of Formula 1 safety". GrandPrix.com. Inside F1. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  39. ^ "FIA makes HANS device mandatory". Autosport.com. Haymarket Media. 9 December 2005. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  40. ^ Frömmig, Lars (2023). Basic course race car technology: introduction to the interaction of tires, chassis, aerodynamics, differential locks and frame. Wiesbaden [Heidelberg]: Springer Vieweg. ISBN 978-3-658-38470-8.
  41. ^ "FIA Institute: Leaving a legacy of safety and sustainability". Federation Internationale de l'Automobile. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  42. ^ a b c Diepraam, Mattijs (30 November 2007). "Poachers turned gamekeepers: how the FOCA became the new FIA Part 2: Onset – authority and rebellion". FORIX 8W. Haymarket Media. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  43. ^ a b Saward, Joe (1 September 1993). "Why has FISA been abolished?". GrandPrix.com. Inside F1. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  44. ^ "GPWC presents new series to F1 teams". GrandPrix.com. Inside F1. 29 November 2001. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  45. ^ Garside, Kevin (20 June 2005). "Day of shame for F1". Telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  46. ^ "Michelin teams exonerated on Indy". BBC Sport. BBC. 22 July 2005. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  47. ^ Brundle, Martin. "Witch hunt threatens to spoil world title race". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  48. ^ "WMSC charges Sunday Times with libel". Planet-f1.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  49. ^ "Brundle hits back at FIA". Planet-f1.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  50. ^ Beer, Matt (1 August 2009). "New Concorde Agreement finally signed". Autosport.com. Haymarket Media. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  51. ^ a b c d e f "Commission opens formal proceedings into Formula One and other international motor racing series". European Commission. 30 June 1999. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  52. ^ a b "The FIA and the European Commission". GrandPrix.com. Inside F1. 8 September 2000. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  53. ^ "The European Commission Apologises to the FIA". AtlasF1. Haymarket Media. 27 July 1999. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  54. ^ a b c d "Commission closes its investigation into Formula One and other four-wheel motor sports". European Commission. 30 October 2001. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  55. ^ a b Jackson, Stewart (26 June 2001). "FIA to release commercial interests". Telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  56. ^ "Richards gets rallying". GrandPrix.com. Inside F1. 17 December 2000. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  57. ^ Henry, Alan (15 July 2000). "Grand prix paddock rocked by 100-year rights deal". Guardian.co.uk. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  58. ^ Pidd, Helen (8 July 2008). "Mosley denies 'sick Nazi orgy' but admits secret history of sadomasochism". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  59. ^ "Mosley wins confidence vote in Paris – F1". Autosport.com. Haymarket Media. 3 June 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  60. ^ English, Steven; Rencken, Dieter (4 June 2008). "South African bodies consider FIA future". Autosport.com. Haymarket Media. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  61. ^ "Mosley stays on as FIA president". BBC Sport. BBC. 3 June 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  62. ^ "Mosley stays on as FIA president". BBC News. 3 June 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fédération_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile&oldid=1254490361"