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Little Barrier Island

Coordinates: 36°11′57″S 175°04′53″E / 36.1991°S 175.0814°E / -36.1991; 175.0814
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Little Barrier Island
Māori: Te Hauturu-o-Toi
Nickname: Hauturu
View of Little Barrier Island from Great Barrier Island
Little Barrier Island is located in New Zealand
Little Barrier Island
Little Barrier Island
Geography
LocationHauraki Gulf, Auckland Region
Coordinates36°11′57″S 175°04′53″E / 36.1991°S 175.0814°E / -36.1991; 175.0814
Area28.17 km2 (10.88 sq mi)
Length7.5 km (4.66 mi)
Width5.5 km (3.42 mi)
Highest elevation722 m (2369 ft)
Highest pointMount Hauturu
Administration
Demographics
PopulationNo permanent inhabitants
Additional information
Wildlife sanctuary

Little Barrier Island, or Hauturu in Māori[1] (the official Māori title is Te Hauturu-o-Toi[2]), lies off the northeastern coast of New Zealand's North Island. Located 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the north of Auckland, the island is separated from the mainland to the west by Jellicoe Channel, and from the larger Great Barrier Island to the east by Cradock Channel. The two aptly named islands shelter the Hauraki Gulf from many of the storms of the Pacific Ocean.

Carte topographique de Little Barrier Island

Settled by the Māori between 1350 and 1650, the island was occupied by them until the New Zealand government declared the island a wildlife sanctuary in 1897. Since the island came under control of the government, it has been under limited access, with only a few rangers living on the island. In the Māori language, the name of the island name means "the resting place of lingering breezes".[1] Along with its larger neighbour Great Barrier, it was given its English name by Captain James Cook in 1769.[3]

The island is a nature sanctuary which has been described by the MBIE as "the most intact [native] ecosystem in New Zealand".[4] However, several invasive species were introduced by both Maori and European settlers, including cats, which were destructive to local small bird and reptile species until they were eradicated between July 1977 and June 1980 in what was possibly New Zealand's costliest pest control programme. This was followed by a rat eradication programme from 2004. A cost benefit analysis has been published.[5]: 558–567 

History

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Rahui Te Kiri and her daughter were evicted by the Crown from Little Barrier Island in 1896[6]
The island (in the distance) from over Great Barrier Island.

Māori occupied the island for centuries prior to the first European visits, probably first settling there between 1350 and 1650 CE.[7] The initial occupation was by descendants of Toi te Huatahi, followed by Tainui, who were then conquered by Ngāti Wai. By 1881 only a few Ngāti Wai were still living there and the British Crown attempted to buy the island in order to turn it into a nature reserve.[8] After the purchase fell through, the island was instead appropriated through an Act of Parliament in 1894 and became New Zealand's first nature reserve the following year.[8] Maori such as Rahui Te Kiri were evicted from the island by force in 1896.[6] Since 1897, there has always been a caretaker or ranger resident on the island.[1] In 2011 the crown settled treaty claims with local iwi, Hauturu was returned to iwi who in turn gifted it back to the people of Aotearoa.[citation needed]

Access is heavily restricted for conservation reasons, and the island is uninhabited except for rotational conservation staff, scientists and rangers under the authority of the Department of Conservation. Electricity for their needs was provided by a diesel generator linked to a battery bank until 2005, and has since been replaced by twenty 175-watt solar panels, with the generator remaining solely for backup. Over the expected 20-year life-span, the new system is expected to generate fuel savings sufficient to replace its purchase costs.[4]

Stonework

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Māori stonework has been found in fourteen locations on the island, primarily around the coastal flats at Te Titoki Point. Man-made cuttings, which were described in 1895 as ruts for hauling canoes, can be seen on the boulder beach ridge at Te Titoki Point. There are also stone rows measuring up to 60 metres (200 ft) long, 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) wide and 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) high, located near the mouth of Te Waikohare Stream.[9]

Stone rows and heaps can be found 200 metres (660 ft) to 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the mouths of Te Waikohare and Tirikawa Streams. The largest is 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high and 4 metres (13 ft) wide. The most extensive stonework is located in the northwest of the island, near the ridge south of Te Hue Stream, where it is spread over several hectares. This site includes a number of terraces, which are stone-faced or have stone retaining walls. There are also numerous stone heaps and rows, and several free standing stone walls.[9]

Stonework in the northeast of the island is more weathered than in other areas and partially buried. Because of this weathering these features are thought to be older than at the other sites.[9]

Geography

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Map
Map centered on Little Barrier with surface volcanics such as andesite in red shading and dacite in purple shading. Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcanic feature name/wikilink and ages before present. The key to the other volcanics that are shown with panning is basalt - brown, monogenetic basalts - dark brown, undifferentiated basalts of the Tangihua Complex in Northland Allochthon - light brown, arc basalts - deep orange brown, arc ring basalts -orange brown, rhyolite - violet, basaltic andesite`- light red, ignimbrite (lighter shades of violet), and plutonic - gray.

The island is an extinct andesitic stratovolcano, roughly circular in shape, about 6 km (3.7 mi) across, with an area of 28 km2 (11 sq mi).[10] Its earliest volcanic activity is estimated to have occurred 3 million years ago and the latest 1.2 million years ago. The volcano is most closely related to two volcanoes over 120 km (75 mi) northwest, near Whangārei.[11] The volcanic activity on the island is associated with the Coromandel Volcanic Zone, which later moved southwards to form the modern Taupō Volcanic Zone. The island was one of the final volcanic events in the zone, as most volcanism in the zone occurred between 18 and 4 million years ago.[12]

The island is steeply sloping, and deeply dissected by ravines radiating from a central range that peaks at Mount Hauturu whose altitude is 722 m (2,369 ft).[13] Te Titoki Point is the only area of flat land on the island.[14]

Approximately 18,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum when sea levels were over 100 metres lower than present day levels, Little Barrier Island was landlocked to the North Island, surrounded by a vast coastal plain where the Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana exists today. Sea levels began to rise 7,000 years ago, after which Little Barrier became an island separated from the rest of New Zealand.[15] During the glacial period, a river formed by the Mahurangi River and Waitematā Harbour river flowed between Little Barrier Island and Great Barrier Island.[15]

Environment

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A dense forest cover shelters numerous rare or endangered animal species.[1] The total number of species of native plants is thought to range around 400, and the island may shelter more endangered birds than any other island in New Zealand.[4] The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it is a nesting site for vulnerable Cook's and Parkinson's petrels.[16] In February 2013, there were reports of the critically endangered New Zealand storm petrel (Oceanites maorianus) breeding on the island.[17]

A North Island kōkako feeding in a coprosma tree on Little Barrier Island

When Māori occupied the island, as much as a third of the island was cleared of forest. However, since the acquisition of the land by the New Zealand government, all but 20 hectares of the island have been reforested.[7]

Bryde's whales, orcas and bottlenose dolphins live in the waters around the island. Blue whales and southern right whales rest in this area during migration.[18][19] In 2012, there were reports that a southern right whale may have calved near the island.[20][21]

The island is home to two endemic insect species, the ground beetle Mecodema haunoho,[22] and Deinacrida heteracantha, also known as the Little Barrier giant wētā.[23]

Kākāpō

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Kākāpō (night parrots), also critically endangered, were first translocated to Little Barrier Island/Hauturu in 1982. Kākāpō successfully bred on the island in the 1980's and 1990's with the support of supplementary food.[24] All birds were later removed in 1999, so that kiore (Polynesian rats) could be eradicated from the island using poison bait.

Kākāpō were then (re)introduced to the island in 2012; as of July 2017, their population on the island stood at 14.[25]

Hauturu is a testing site to see if the kākāpō can breed and raise their young successfully without human intervention. [26] As Hauturu is a large predator free island, there is great potential for the kākāpō in the long term.

Invasive Species

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Mammals

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The Polynesian rat or kiore (Rattus exulans) were likely introduced as invasive species during the initial settlement of the island by Māori.[7] Rat eradication took place by aerial-dropped poison baits in 2004.

Feral cats arrived on the island in the early 1870s.[7] As in other places where predatory species were introduced, small animals not accustomed to predation likely experienced a decline in population, being pushed towards endangerment or extinction.[7] In a survey of studies about eradicating the cats, scientist C.R. ("Dick") Veitch mentions several small species which were likely affected by the cats, including small reptiles and birds, such as the North Island snipe (Coenocorypha barrierensis), which only survived into the European era on this island and was formerly distributed across the entirety of the North Island, North Island saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater), grey-faced petrel (Pterodroma macroptera gouldi), Cook's petrel (Pterodroma cookii) and black petrel (Proeellaria parkinsoni).[7] Cat eradication was completed by a dedicated team from July 1977 to 23 June 1980, and 151 cats were killed using traps and poison.[7]

Insects

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Introduced wasps such as (German, Common, Asian Paper, and Tasmanian paper wasps) may be present on the island. In terms of established populations of introduced wasps a survey reported in 2020 no Vespula species (Common and German wasps) but Polistes species (Asian Paper and Tasmanian wasps) were present.[27]: 446–7  German wasps had been reported on the island by the 1980s.[28] A potential relationship between rat eradication and decline in Vespula species has been reported,[5]: 560  but no such link was found in later work.[27]: 449 

Plants

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Prior to 1995, very little attention was paid to weed species on the island. The rangers' garden had been planted in exotics, and bird and wind dispersed colonising species that spread rapidly. In 1996 a weed control programme, based on the successful work on the Kermadecs, was implemented with teams of weeders grid-searching the island. The main target species were climbing asparagus, the Mexican devil, and the mist flower.

Climate

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Climate data for Little Barrier Island (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		22.6
(72.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.2
(64.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		15.1
(59.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.8
(71.2) 		19.2
(66.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.7
(67.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		19.2
(66.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		15.4
(59.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		12.4
(54.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		14.7
(58.5) 		16.0
(60.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.0
(60.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		16.6
(61.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		14.4
(57.9) 		12.6
(54.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		10.3
(50.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		12.7
(54.9) 		14.8
(58.6) 		12.9
(55.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 101.3
(3.99) 		70.7
(2.78) 		111.5
(4.39) 		88.7
(3.49) 		90.4
(3.56) 		126.1
(4.96) 		107.2
(4.22) 		155.6
(6.13) 		107.9
(4.25) 		82.2
(3.24) 		83.9
(3.30) 		82.9
(3.26) 		1,208.4
(47.57)
Source: NIWA[29]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2". Inset to The New Zealand Herald. 3 March 2010. p. 15.
  2. ^ "Islands and bays renamed in Maori". stuff.co.nz. 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. Te Hauturu-o-Toi
  3. ^ "Chronology of events" (PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b c "New Zealand Energy Quarterly, March 2010" (PDF). 16 June 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  5. ^ a b Griffiths, R.; Bell, E.; Campbell, J.; Cassey, P.; Ewen, J.G.; Green, C.; Joyce, L.; Rayner, M.; Toy, R.; Towns, D.; Wade, L.; Walle, R.; Veitch, C.R. (2019). "Costs and benefits for biodiversity following rat and cat eradication on Te Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island. Island invasives: scaling up to meet the challenge". In Veitch, C.R.; Clout, M.N.; Martin, A.R.; Russell, J.C.; West, C.J. (eds.). Island invasives: scaling up to meet the challenge international conference on island invasives. 2017 Proceedings of the Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission N 62. Vol. 62. pp. 1–733. ISBN 978-2-8317-1961-0.
  6. ^ a b Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Rahui Te Kiri Tenetahi with her daughter". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Veitch, C. R. (2001). "The eradication of feral cats (Felis catus) from Little Barrier Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 28: 1–12. doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9518252.
  8. ^ a b "Features: Little Barrier Island Nature Reserve (Hauturu-o-Toi)". Department of Conservation (New Zealand). Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  9. ^ a b c W. Hayward, Bruce (1982). "Prehistoric archaeological sites on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand" (PDF). New Zealand Geological Survey. pp. 73–75. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  10. ^ "Data Table - Protected Areas - LINZ Data Service (recorded area 2816.6121 ha)". Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  11. ^ Lindsay, Jan M.; Tim J. Worthington; Ian E. M. Smith; Philippa M. Black (June 1999). "Geology, petrology, and petrogenesis of Little Barrier Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 42 (2): 155–168. Bibcode:1999NZJGG..42..155L. doi:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514837.
  12. ^ Hayward, Bruce W. (2017). Out of the Ocean, Into the Fire. Geoscience Society of New Zealand. pp. 134–147. ISBN 978-0-473-39596-4.
  13. ^ "Topo50 map AY33 – Hauturu / Little Barrier Island". Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
  14. ^ "Map of Hauturu Little Barrier Island" (Topo Map). Rimutaka Forest Park Trust.
  15. ^ a b "Estuary origins". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  16. ^ "Important Bird Areas: Little Barrier Island". Birdlife International. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  17. ^ "New Zealand Storm-petrel discovered breeding 50 km from Auckland City". BirdLife International. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  18. ^ "Blue Whales". Archived from the original on 12 March 2011.
  19. ^ "Newsletter, Issue 26th November 2011" (PDF). Hauturu, Little Barrier Island Supports Trust. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  20. ^ "Rare whale sighting off Auckland coast". 3news.co.nz. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  21. ^ Tony and Jenny Enderby (2 March 2010). "New Zealand marine life". newzealandmarinelife.blogspot.jp.
  22. ^ Veitch, C.R.; Wade, L., eds. (2019). Hauturu: the history, flora and fauna of Te Hauturu-o-Toi Little Barrier Island. Auckland, New Zealand: Massey University Press. ISBN 9780995109582. OCLC 1106097068.
  23. ^ Thornburrow, Danny; Watts, Corinne (2011). "Habitat use, Behavior and Movement Patterns of a Threatened New Zealand Giant Weta, Deinacrida heteracantha (Anostostomatidae: Orthoptera)". Journal of Orthoptera Research. 20 (1): 127–136. doi:10.1665/034.020.0112. ISSN 1082-6467.
  24. ^ "Kakapo Successfully Breed on Hauturu/Little Barrier Island". www.scoop.co.nz. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  25. ^ "Four kākāpō make epic journey to Hauturu/Little Barrier Island". New Zealand Department of Conservation. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  26. ^ "Four kākāpō make epic journey to Hauturu/Little Barrier Island". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  27. ^ a b Schmack, J.M.; Schleuning, M.; Ward, D.F.; Beggs, J.R. (2020). "Biogeography and anthropogenic impact shape the success of invasive wasps on New Zealand's offshore islands". Diversity and Distributions. 26 (4): 441–452. Bibcode:2020DivDi..26..441S. doi:10.1111/ddi.13021.
  28. ^ Clapperton, B.K.; Möller, H.; Sandlant, G.R. (1989). "Distribution of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand in 1987". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 16 (3): 315–323. doi:10.1080/03014223.1989.10422896.: 319 
  29. ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : Little Barrier Is". NIWA. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
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