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Norman Baker

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The Right Honourable
Norman Baker
Baker in 2010
Minister of State for Crime Prevention
In office
7 October 2013 – 3 November 2014
Prime MinisterDavid Cameron
Preceded byJeremy Browne
Succeeded byLynne Featherstone
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Transport
In office
15 May 2010 – 7 October 2013
Prime MinisterDavid Cameron
Preceded byPaul Clark
Succeeded byRobert Goodwill
Member of Parliament
for Lewes
In office
1 May 1997 – 30 March 2015
Preceded byTim Rathbone
Succeeded byMaria Caulfield
Personal details
Born (1957-07-26) 26 July 1957 (age 67)
Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
NationalityBritish
Political partyLiberal Democrat
Alma materRoyal Holloway, University of London

Norman John Baker (born 26 July 1957) is a Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lewes in East Sussex from the 1997 general election until his defeat in 2015.

In May 2010 he was appointed as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for Transport. On 7 October 2013, Baker was promoted to Minister of State at the Home Office in the coalition government of 2010–15.[1] He resigned from his role at the Home Office on 3 November 2014.[2]

Early life

[edit]

Baker was born in Aberdeen, but his family moved to Hornchurch in east London in 1968.[3] He was educated at the Royal Liberty School in Gidea Park, near Romford, and at Royal Holloway College, University of London, graduating in 1978 with a BA degree in German & History.[4][5]

Baker joined the Liberal Party in 1981 while living in Islington and in his memoir he described himself as a 'sleeping' party member save for one canvassing session in six years. In 1985 he joined the then Ecology Party before seeking his first council seat in Ouse Valley ward of Lewes District Council in 1987.[6] Two years later in 1989 was also elected to the local county council of East Sussex. He became the Leader of Lewes District Council in 1991, a position he held until his election as an MP in 1997.[4]

Outside of politics Baker was a regional director for Our Price Records for five years from 1978. He worked at Malling Street Service Station, Lewes, from 1983 to 1985. He taught English as a foreign language from 1985 to 1997,[4] with a spell as a Liberal Democrat environment researcher in the House of Commons in 1989–90.[7]

Parliamentary career

[edit]

Baker contested Lewes at the 1992 general election, but the sitting Conservative Party MP Tim Rathbone retained the seat.[8] He stood again at the 1997 election, and this time gained the seat with a majority of 1,300 votes over Rathbone,[9] becoming Lewes's first non-Conservative MP since 1874.[4]

Baker prided himself on "uncovering scandals and conflicts of interest among MPs and the government". His consistent questioning of Peter Mandelson may have helped lead to Mandelson's second resignation from government.[10][11] He also raised issues about Lord Birt and his role as Tony Blair's adviser. After compiling figures in 2002, which revealed that the government's fleet of ministerial cars had grown to its largest ever size,[12] he began in January 2005 to campaign to force disclosure of the details of MPs' expenses under the Freedom of Information Act, finally succeeding in February 2007.[13] His success enabled The Daily Telegraph to publish details of his own expense claims, which included £3,000 for office rental.

In October 2001 he won a test case in the High Court, when the National Security Appeals panel ruled that the Data Protection Act required the security service MI5 to allow him access to information which he believed the security service holds on him, the first time this had happened in the 92-year history of MI5.[14] In 2001 he was named "Inquisitor of the Year" in The Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year Awards, and in February 2002 he won the Channel 4 Opposition MP of the Year Award.[15]

Baker is regarded as coming from the left-wing of the party, and until losing his seat was a member of the Beveridge Group within the Liberal Democrats.[16] A staunch republican, he is also well known for his vocal support for animal rights groups, and he is a strong proponent for greater protection of animals under law.[17] In 1997, The Times columnist Matthew Parris described him as a "classic House of Commons bore",[17] and in the Commons in 2002, Labour MP Stephen Pound likened his speeches to "root canal surgery without anaesthetic",[18] but Parris added in 2001 "You underestimate him at your peril. He has a habit of being right."[17] He asked two parliamentary questions of the Ministry of Defence in 2006 and 2007 on the subject of what the Ministry calls "unexplained aerial phenomena" including: "To ask the Secretary of State for Defence whether his Department's unidentified flying objects project is extant; and if he will make a statement."[19]

Following the 2008 Camp for Climate Action at the coal-fired Kingsnorth power station in Kent (since demolished), Baker called for an investigation into police tactics, saying he had witnessed unnecessarily aggressive policing and unprovoked violence against peaceful protesters during the event.[20]

Front-bench career

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In the 2001–05 Parliament, Baker was a member of the Joint Committee on Human Rights, and was appointed as Liberal Democrat Environment spokesman in 2002, a post he held until his resignation in 2006 following the election of Sir Menzies Campbell as party leader.

As Environment spokesman in May 2005, he joined with two former environment ministers, the Labour MP Michael Meacher and the Conservative John Gummer, to table a cross-party Early Day Motion No. 178[21] in support of a Climate Change Bill drafted by Friends of the Earth.[22][23] The motion called for a Bill to be "brought forward in this Parliament so that annual cuts in carbon dioxide emissions of 3 per cent can be delivered in a framework that includes regular reporting and new scrutiny and corrective processes" and attracted 412 signatures.[21] Baker also opposed nuclear power, describing it as "hopelessly uneconomic", and warning that new nuclear power stations "would generate vast quantities of nuclear waste and divert essential funding away from energy efficiency and renewable sources of energy."[24]

He returned to the front bench in July 2007, when he was appointed as Liberal Democrat spokesman on the Cabinet Office and the Duchy of Lancaster.[25][26] In December 2007, after the election of Nick Clegg as party leader, Baker (who had supported Clegg in the leadership contest) returned to the front bench as spokesman on Transport.[27][28]

David Kelly

[edit]

Baker announced on 19 May 2006 that he had decided to step down from the Liberal Democrats' front bench to pursue a quest to establish the truth behind the death in 2003 of David Kelly,[29] an expert in biological warfare employed by the Ministry of Defence and a former United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq. Kelly's discussion with BBC Today programme journalist Andrew Gilligan about the British government's dossier on weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq inadvertently caused a major political scandal. Kelly had been found dead days after appearing before the Parliamentary committee investigating the scandal.

The Hutton Inquiry, a public inquiry into the circumstances surrounding his death, ruled that he had committed suicide and that Kelly had not in fact said some of the things attributed to him by Gilligan. Baker said that Hutton had "blatantly failed to get to the bottom of matters", and that "the more I look into it the less convinced I am by the explanation and the more unanswered questions appear which ought to have been addressed properly by the Hutton inquiry or by the coroner."[29]

In July that year, Baker claimed that data had been wiped from the hard drive on one of his computers. Although some news reports suggested that this related to evidence showing Kelly's death was not a suicide,[30][31] Baker maintained that none of his research on Kelly had been stored on that particular machine.[32] In April 2007 he announced his findings, telling a meeting in Lewes:

I am convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that this could not be suicide. The medical evidence does not support it and David Kelly's state of mind and personality suggests otherwise. It was not an accident so I am left with the conclusion that it is murder."[33]

His book, The Strange Death of David Kelly, was published in October 2007, and serialised in the Daily Mail. Some relatives of Kelly have expressed their displeasure at the publication. The husband of Kelly's sister Sarah said "It is just raking over old bones ... I can't speak for the whole family, but I've read it all [Baker's theories], every word, and I don't believe it."[34] However, Baker writes in the book that other relatives of Kelly also think his death was suspicious.

Censure

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In December 2007, Baker was criticised, but not fined by the House of Commons Committee on Standards and Privileges for a newsletter which contained an "advertising feature" about a Liberal Democrat MEP.[35] The Committee's report concluded: "We agree with the Commissioner that this element of Mr Donovan's complaint should be upheld, and we reiterate that the inclusion of material of a party political nature is not permissible in publications funded from parliamentary allowances."[36]

Tibet

[edit]

Baker is President of the Tibet Society,[37][38] and was a member of the UK All Party Parliamentary Group for Tibet.[39]

In February 2008 he released a statement to mark International Mother Language Day saying "The Chinese government are following a deliberate policy of extinguishing all that is Tibetan, including their own language in their own country. It may be obvious, but Tibetan should be the official language of Tibet."[39] Tibetan is an official language of Tibet and other Tibetan-inhabited areas in China. In school, the younger grades are taught in Tibetan for new ideas, but the rest is in Mandarin Chinese including for concepts in sciences and maths.[40]

On 18 March 2008 he addressed Tibetan protesters outside the Chinese embassy in London, and also delivered a letter to Prime Minister Gordon Brown from six Tibetan students in the UK who were supporting Tibetans in the 2008 Tibetan unrest. The students' letter called for an end to the unrest's suppression, a UN investigation into it, and for unfettered media access in Tibet.[38]

In March 2010, the BBC ran an investigation detailing 37 occasions that Baker failed to declare a financial interest in Tibet during parliamentary debates and questions, despite receiving hospitality from the Tibetan government-in-exile. Baker released a statement saying that it was an oversight.[41]

Coalition Government

[edit]

At the 2010 general election Baker was again returned as MP for Lewes.[42] The Liberal Democrats entered a coalition agreement with the Conservative Party on 11 May 2010, and Baker was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Transport.[43]

In 2013, Baker was quoted as saying that rail fares were "not that expensive" when compared to fares for rail travel in other countries, and that deals that were available reduced the price significantly. This was against fare increases of more than 50% for "the average season ticket" between 2003 and 2013.[44][45]

In the October 2013 reshuffle, Baker was appointed to the Home Office as Minister of State, overseeing issues relating to national security, replacing fellow Liberal Democrat Jeremy Browne.[1] In this role he repeatedly suggested changes to drug policy, saying that patients should have access to cannabis for cancer pain relief and multiple sclerosis[46] and that all options regarding legal highs were under consideration.[47][48] The Home Office repeatedly rejected progressive suggestions.[49]

In December 2013, it was reported that Baker had encouraged the Director of Public Prosecutions to reopen or reconsider six cases involving female genital mutilation, as forbidden by the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985.[50] Although this law had been on the books since 1985, there had been no prosecutions under it until February 2014, when it was announced that the first was scheduled soon thereafter.[51] The Daily Telegraph estimated that, up to that point, 170,000 women had been subject to the assault.[51] A doctor was the first person charged with an offence contrary to the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 in March 2014.[52]

He was appointed a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2014,[53] giving him the right to the Honorific Title "The Right Honourable" for life.

Baker resigned from the Home Office on 3 November 2014, citing conflicts with Home Secretary Theresa May.[54] On the same day, he described being the only Liberal Democrat in the Home Office as like being "a hippy at an Iron Maiden concert".[55]

2015 general election

[edit]

On two occasions in the run-up to the election, the Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg visited the towns of Seaford, Lewes and Newhaven (which are within the Lewes constituency) with Baker.[56][57][58] At the election Baker's majority of over 7,000 was overturned by the Conservative candidate Maria Caulfield, a nurse who beat him by 1,083 votes.[59]

General election 2015: Lewes
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Maria Caulfield[60] 19,206 38.0 +1.3
Liberal Democrats Norman Baker[60] 18,123 35.9 −16.1
UKIP Ray Finch[61] 5,427 10.7 +7.3
Labour Lloyd Russell-Moyle[60] 5,000 9.9 +4.9
Green Alfie Stirling[60] 2,784 5.5 +4.1
Majority 1,083 2.1
Turnout 50,540 72.7 −0.2

Life after Parliament

[edit]

In 2015, Baker, a keen music enthusiast, re-formed his old band The Reform Club, which announced that it would be releasing an album of 15 original songs on 25 March. Baker is the chief lyricist with music written by Mike Phipps. The band also includes Geoff Smith on bass and vocals, Chris Dartnell on drums and vocals, Mike Phipps on guitars, keyboards and vocals, Brian Wiseman on lead guitar and vocals, with Maxwell Gardner on guitar for live appearances. A second album, Never yesterday, is awaiting release.[62] As Norman Baker and Friends, he released a four-track EP, Animal Countdown, in March 2015, which highlights the plight of endangered species.[63] He also presents two radio shows on the local community radio station[64] Seahaven FM, The Hidden 60s on Monday evenings and Anything Goes on Sunday mornings.

Baker's political memoir Against The Grain was published on 18 September 2015. In an interview with The Independent newspaper on 11 August he said he had no intention of seeking election again.[65]

Baker was the managing director of The Big Lemon, a bus operator based in Brighton, from March 2017 to January 2018.[66][67]

On 15 October 2019, Baker’s book, ... And What Do You Do?: What The Royal Family Don't Want You To Know, which critically examined the Royal Family's privileged status in public life, was released by Biteback Publishing.[68]

On 10 September 2022, Baker attended the Accession Council for the Proclamation of King Charles III at St James's Palace, London.[69]

Publications

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  • Baker, Norman (8 October 2007). The Strange Death of David Kelly. Methuen. ISBN 978-1-84275-217-3.
  • Baker, Norman (18 September 2015). Against the Grain. Biteback. ISBN 978-1-84954-941-7.
  • Baker, Norman (15 October 2019). ... And What Do You Do?: What The Royal Family Don't Want You To Know. Biteback. ISBN 978-1-78590-491-2.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Rowena Mason Norman Baker could be thorn in Theresa May's side at Home Office Archived 18 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian (7 October 2013)/
  2. ^ "Norman Baker: I resign - and it's Theresa May's fault". The Independent. 3 November 2014. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  3. ^ Ben Quinn, Norman Baker life and times: poacher who eventually became gamekeeper Archived 18 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian (4 November 2014).
  4. ^ a b c d "Who's Who: Norman Baker MP". Liberal Democrats website. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  5. ^ Election highs for Royal Holloway alumni Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, www.rhul.ac.uk
  6. ^ Baker, Norman (2015). Against the grain. p. 1. ISBN 978-1849549417.
  7. ^ "Norman Baker MP (subscription required)". DodOnline.
  8. ^ "UK general election results, April 1992: Lewes". Richard Kimber's political science resources. Archived from the original on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  9. ^ "UK general election results, May 1997: Lewes". Richard Kimber's political science resources. Archived from the original on 30 November 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  10. ^ Nigel Morris (15 February 2007). "Is Norman Baker the most hated man in Westminster?". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  11. ^ "Norman Baker's week in politics". BBC News. London. 26 January 2001. Archived from the original on 2 October 2002. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  12. ^ David Hencke (18 December 2002). "Ministers' car fleet grows to record size". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  13. ^ Will Woodward (14 February 2007). "From £16,000 on trains to £230 on a bike: politicians' travel expenses revealed". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  14. ^ "MP wins landmark battle over MI5 files". BBC News. London. 1 October 2001. Archived from the original on 12 June 2004. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  15. ^ Davies, Trudi (7 December 2006). "Your call... your MP". BBC One. BBC. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  16. ^ "Norman Baker, Liberal Democrat MP". BBC News. London. 22 October 2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  17. ^ a b c ""I'm no bore" says Baker". BBC News. London. 14 June 2002. Archived from the original on 31 January 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  18. ^ "Hansard, 12 Jun 2002: Column 860". House of Commons. 12 June 2002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  19. ^ "Hansard, 28 Mar 2006: Column 905W". House of Commons. 28 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  20. ^ Vidal, John (15 December 2008). "Those Kingsnorth police injuries in full: six insect bites and a toothache". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  21. ^ a b "Early Day Motion 178: Climate Change". Archived from the original on 13 January 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  22. ^ "Climate Change Bill, 2005". Parliament of the United Kingdom. 13 July 2005. Archived from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  23. ^ "Friends of the Earth secures Climate Change Bill". Friends of the Earth website. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  24. ^ "Nuclear energy 'too uneconomic'". BBC News. London. 17 January 2006. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  25. ^ "Menzies Campbell unveils new Shadow Cabinet". Liberal Democrats website. 4 July 2007. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  26. ^ Wolverhampton Liberal Democrats (4 July 2007). "Sir Menzies reshuffles top team". Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  27. ^ Rosa Prince (24 December 2007). "Charles Kennedy on Nick Clegg's front bench". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 24 November 2007.[dead link]
  28. ^ "Nick Clegg reveals Shadow Cabinet". Liberal Democrats website. 20 December 2007. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  29. ^ a b Brian Wheeler (19 May 2006). "MP investigates Dr Kelly's death". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  30. ^ "Files 'wiped' in Dr Kelly inquiry". BBC News. London. 13 July 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  31. ^ "MP says files into Kelly death have been wiped". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  32. ^ The Strange Death of David Kelly Norman Baker
  33. ^ Miles Godfrey And Katya Mira (13 April 2007). "Murder theory that just won't go away". The Argus. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007. The greatest British conspiracy theory of the modern age was unveiled this week. Lewes MP Norman Baker set out in detail for the first time why he believes the secret service murdered the Government scientist Dr David Kelly.
  34. ^ Brian Brady and Rachel Shields (21 October 2007). "Kelly family appeals for calm after new murder claims by MP". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  35. ^ Katya Mira (16 December 2007). "MP criticised over spending". The Argus. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  36. ^ "Select Committee on Standards and Privileges Second Report of Session 2007-08: Conduct of Mr Norman Baker, Mr Malcolm Bruce and Mr Sadiq Khan". House of Commons. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  37. ^ "Tibet Society website". Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  38. ^ a b Iain Haddow (18 March 2008). "Tibetan exiles vent their anger". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  39. ^ a b "Norman Baker MP speaks about threats to Tibetian language". Free Tibet Campaign. 21 February 2008. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
  40. ^ Blanchard, Ben (13 July 2010). "Tibetans' mother tongue faces tide of Chinese". Reuters. Shigatse. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  41. ^ "Norman Baker MP: Foreign trips and rule breaches". BBC News. 22 March 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  42. ^ "BBC News | Election 2010 | Constituency | Lewes". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  43. ^ "The Rt Hon Norman Baker - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  44. ^ Hope, Christopher (2 January 2013). "New rail fares 'not as expensive as presented', says Norman Baker". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  45. ^ Taylor, Matthew (2 January 2013). "'Rail an extravagance for many' after 50% fare rises in 10 years". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  46. ^ "Drugs Minister Norman Baker calls for pain-relief cannabis to be legal". BBC News. 15 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  47. ^ "Minister 'open-minded' on legal high solutions". BBC News. BBC. 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  48. ^ Ford, Richard (28 February 2014). "Sell danger drugs on the high street, says minister". The Times. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  49. ^ "Home Office rules out licensing of 'legal highs' shops". BBC News. BBC. 28 February 2014. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  50. ^ Barrett, David (12 December 2013). "FGM Female Genital Mutilation: Britain's first ever criminal charges could be brought as cases reopened - Telegraph". Telegraph.co.uk. London. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  51. ^ a b "FGM: 170,000 UK victims of this sickening procedure, yet no prosecution until now. Why?". News - Telegraph Blogs. London. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  52. ^ Evans, Martin (21 March 2014). "Doctor becomes first person in Britain charged with performing a Female Genital Mutilation procedure". Telegraph.co.uk. London. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  53. ^ "Privy Council members". Privy Council. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  54. ^ "Norman Baker quits as Home Office minister". BBC News. 4 November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  55. ^ Nicholas Watt (3 November 2014). "Norman Baker resigns as Home Office minister with parting shot at May". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  56. ^ "Norman Baker Visits EvacLite - EvacLite". www.evaclite.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  57. ^ "Nick Clegg Visits Paradise Park - Tates of Sussex". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  58. ^ "Delight about Easyart being based in Newhaven". www.sussexexpress.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  59. ^ "Election 2015: Lewes". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  60. ^ a b c d "LEWES 2015". electionresults.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  61. ^ "UK Polling Report". ukpollingreport.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  62. ^ "The Reform Club". Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  63. ^ "New EP launched by Norman Baker in Lewes". Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  64. ^ "Seahaven FM". Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  65. ^ "Norman Baker: Former minister says the UK is becoming a 'one-party state'". Independent.co.uk. 11 August 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  66. ^ "Norman Baker joins The Big Lemon as Managing Director for Brighton and Hove". The Big Lemon. 17 March 2017. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  67. ^ "Norman Baker says goodbye to The Big Lemon". Sussex Express. 8 June 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  68. ^ "... And What Do You Do?". www.bitebackpublishing.com. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  69. ^ "Attendees at the Accession Council" (PDF). Privy Council. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
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