Tamna

Tamna
Tamna
Old Jeju
Native to	Tamna
Ethnicity	Tamnans
Era	6th-15th century AD
Language family	Japonic? Japanese? Tamna; ;
Early forms	Proto-Japonic? Old Japanese? ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

Tamna
Hangul	탐라
Hanja	耽羅
Revised Romanization	Tamna
McCune–Reischauer	T'amna

Tamna
耽羅
탐라
Tamna 耽羅; 탐라
???–1404 AD
	The area where the Seongjucheong was supposed to have been.;
Status	Independent state; (?–498, 925–938); Tributary state of Baekje; (498–660); Tributary state of Silla; (662–925); Vassal state of Goryeo; (938–1105); Local autonomous administration of Goryeo; (1105–1275, 1301–1392); Local autonomous administration of Yuan dynasty as Tamna Prefectures; (1275–1301); Local autonomous administration of Joseon; (1392–1404)
Capital	Mugeunseong (early); jejuseong (later)
Common languages	Tamna,; Old Korean,; Middle Korean,; Japonic?
Religion	Buddhism, Confucianism, Shamanism
Demonym(s)	Tamnan
Government	Monarchy (?–938) ; Autonomous region (938–1404)
King / Lord
History
• Establishment	???
• Fall	1404 AD
	Succeeded by
Joseon

Tamna (Korean: 탐라; Hanja: 耽羅) was a kingdom based on Jeju Island from ancient times until it was absorbed by the Korean Joseon dynasty in 1404, following a long period of being a tributary state or autonomous administrative region of various Korean kingdoms.

The Go (Jeju) clan is the family name of the Lord (Korean: 성주; Hanja: 星主; RR: Seongju), that ruled West Tamna over 400 years. The Moon (Nampyeong) clan is the family name of the Prince (왕자; 王子; Wangja), that ruled East Tamna for 400 years.

Name

The Kingdom of Tamna is also sometimes known as Tangna (탕나), Seomna (섬나), and Tammora (탐모라). It's attested with the older 漱牟羅 /tammura/ meaning something like 'valley settlement' with the second component being possibly related to the Japonic homophone mura.^[3]

History

Legends of founding

There is no discovered historical record of the founding or early history of Tamna. One legend tells that the three divine founders of the country—Go (고), Yang (양), and Bu (부)—emerged from three holes in the ground in the 24th century BC. These holes, known as the Samseonghyeol (삼성혈), are still preserved in Jeju City.^[4]^[5]

初無人、三神人從地聳出其主山北麓有穴曰毛興、是其地也.長曰良乙那、次曰高乙那、三曰夫乙那、三人遊獵荒僻、皮衣肉食.一日、見紫泥封蔵木函、浮至東海濱、就而開之、函內又有石函.有一紅帶紫衣使者、隨來開函、有靑衣處女三人及諸駒犢五穀種、乃曰: 「我是日本國使也、吾王生此三女、云西海中嶽降神子三人、將欲開國而無配匹、於是命臣侍三女而來、宜作配以成大業.」使者忽乘雲而去、三人以年次分娶之.就泉甘土肥處射矢卜地、良乙那所居曰第一都、高乙那所居曰第二都、夫乙那所居曰第三都、始播五穀且牧駒犢、日就富庶.十五代孫高厚、高淸、高季昆弟三人、造船渡海、泊于耽津、蓋新羅盛時也.于時客星見南方、太史奏曰: 「異國人來朝之象也.」及厚等至、王嘉之、稱厚曰星主、以其動星象也.令淸出袴下、愛如己子、稱曰王子.又稱其季曰都內.邑號曰耽羅、以初來泊耽津而朝新羅也.各賜寶蓋・衣帶而遣之、自此子孫蕃盛、敬事新羅.以高爲星主、良爲王子、夫爲徒上.其後服事百濟、除星主・王子之號、以其爲佐平使者、爲恩率.及羅濟亡、耽羅國主見太子未老、朝高麗太祖、因賜星主・王子爵瑞山.
Ancient Jeju island was called Ying Prefecture and nobody lived there. Three gods, Yang Eul-na (양을나; 良乙那), Go Eul-na (고을나; 高乙那) and Bu Eul-na (부을나; 夫乙那) were appeared in Samsong hyeol (삼성혈; 三姓穴) at the south foot of Tanna mountain (탄나산; 漢拏山). And they were ancestor of people in Jeju island. One day, they were looking at Tanna mountain (탄나산; 漢拏山) and discovered a box that flowed from the North Sea. As they opened it, there were messenger, beautiful three princesses, farm animals and five grain seeds in the box. They came from eastern country, Japan. Three gods greeted them as their wives and started cultivating industries and five crops to make a village.
— Goryeosa, volume 57.

According to legend, after Yang Eul-na (양을나/良乙那)^[6] came to Jeju Island, a box washed up on the shore of the island. Yang Eul-na searched in the box and found three women, horses, cows, and agricultural seeds such as rice, corn, grain, millet, barley, and bamboo. From these beginnings, the three men established the kingdom of Tamna. He is regarded as the legendary ancestor of Yang Tang, the founder of the Jeju Yang bon-gwan.^[7]^[8]

Historical and archaeological records

Tamna Ginyun, a history book written over 934 years, from the Goryeo Dynasty to the Joseon Dynasty

Archaeological evidence indicates that the people of Tamna were engaging in active trade with Han China and Yayoi Japan, South-east-Asian nations, with the Tamil Chola dynasty, as well as rest of Korea, by the 1st century AD. The first historical reference to the kingdom may come in the 3rd century AD, in the chronicle of the Chinese Three Kingdoms period called the Sanguozhi. The Sanguozhi reports a strange people living on a large island near Korea, which it calls Juho (州胡, Late Han Chinese tɕu-ga, literally "island barbarians").^[9] These people, who had a distinctive language and culture, engaged in trade with the Mahan people of the mainland. However, the identity of Juho with Tamna has been disputed by authorities such as the North Korean scholar Lee Ch'i-rin (이지린), who claims that Juho was a small island in the Yellow Sea.^{[citation needed]}

In 476, according to the Samguk Sagi, Tamna entered into a tributary relationship with Baekje, which controlled the southwestern Korean peninsula as Tamna gave military aide with some sort of money, and enjoyed strong ties with Japan. It was thus a natural partner for Tamna. As Baekje waned, Tamna turned to Silla instead. At some point near the end of the Three Kingdoms period, Tamna officially subjugated itself to Silla. Silla then conferred on the three princes of Tamna the titles which they would hold for the remainder of the kingdom's history: Seongju (성주, 星主), Wangja (왕자, 王子), and Donae (도내, 都內). Some sources indicate that this took place during the reign of King Munmu of Silla in the late 7th century AD.[1]^{[permanent dead link]}

Tamna briefly reclaimed its independence after the fall of Silla in 935. However, it was subjugated by the Goryeo dynasty in 938, and officially annexed in 1105. However, the kingdom maintained local autonomy until 1404, when Taejong of Joseon placed it under firm central control and brought the Tamna kingdom to an end. One interesting event that took place during these later years of Tamna was the Sambyeolcho Rebellion, which came to a bloody end on Jeju Island in 1274.^{[citation needed]}

Alexander Vovin (2013)^[10] notes that the old name for Jeju Island is tammura, which can be analyzed in Japanese as tani mura たにむら (谷村 'valley settlement') or tami mura たみむら (民村 'people's settlement'). Thus, Vovin concludes that Japonic speakers were present on Jeju Island before being replaced by Koreanic speakers sometime before the 15th century.

Rulers

Kings of Tamna

The Go clan is the family name of the kings that ruled Tamna, and the first king was one of the three who emerged from the ground. His descendants became the future kings of Tamna.

#	Name		Period of reign
#	Romanization	Hangul/Hanja	Period of reign
1	Go Eulna	고을나왕 (高乙那王)	2337 BCE–2206 BCE
2	Geon	건왕 (建王)	2206 BCE–1767 BCE
3	Samgye	삼계왕 (三繼王)	1767 BCE–1123 BCE
4	Ilmang	일망왕 (日望王)	1123 BCE–935 BCE
5	Doje	도제왕 (島濟王)	935 BCE–771 BCE
6	Eon-gyeong	언경왕 (彦卿王)	771 BCE–619 BCE
7	Bomyeong	보명왕 (寶明王)	610 BCE–520 BCE
8	Haengcheon	행천왕 (幸天王)	520 BCE–426 BCE
9	Hwan	환왕 (歡王)	426 BCE–315 BCE
10	Sik	식왕 (湜王)	315 BCE–247 BCE
11	Uk	욱왕 (煜王)	247 BCE–207 BCE
12	Hwang	황왕 (惶王)	207 BCE–157 BCE
13	Wi	위왕 (偉王)	157 BCE–105 BCE
14	Yeong	영왕 (榮王)	105 BCE–58 BCE
15	Hu	후왕 (厚王)	58 BCE–7 BCE
16	Dumyeong	두명왕 (斗明王)	7 BCE–43
17	Seonju	선주왕 (善主王)	43–93
18	Jinam	지남왕 (知南王)	93–144
19	Seongbang	성방왕 (聖邦王)	144–195
20	Munseong	문성왕 (文星王)	195–243
21	Ik	익왕 (翼王)	243–293
22	Jihyo	지효왕 (之孝王)	293–343
23	Suk	숙왕 (淑王)	343–393
24	Hyeonbang	현방왕 (賢方王)	393–423
25	Gi	기왕 (璣王)	423–453
26	Dam	담왕 (聃王)	453–483
27	Jiun	지운왕 (指雲王)	483–508
28	Seo	서왕 (瑞王)	508–533
29	Damyeong	다명왕 (多鳴王)	533–558
30	Dam	담왕 (談王)	558–583
31	Cheseam	체삼왕 (體參王)	583–608
32	Seongjin	성진왕 (聲振王)	608–633
33	Hong	홍왕 (鴻王)	633–658
34	Cheoryang	처량왕 (處良王)	658–683
35	Won	원왕 (遠王)	683–708
36	Pyoryun	표륜왕 (表倫王)	708–733
37	Hyeong	형왕 (逈王)	733–758
38	Chido	치도왕 (致道王)	758–783
39	Uk	욱왕 (勖王)	783–808
40	Cheonwon	천원왕 (天元王)	808–833
41	Hogong	호공왕 (好恭王)	833–858
42	So	소왕 (昭王)	858–883
43	Gyeongjik	경직왕 (敬直王)	883–908
44	Min	민왕 (岷王)	908–933
45	Jagyeon	자견왕 (自堅王)	933–938

Lords and governors of West Tamna

The Go(Jeju) clan is the family name of the Lord(Seongju, 성주, 星主), that ruled West Tamna.

#	Name		Period of reign
#	Surname/First Name	Position(Hangul/Hanja)	Period of reign
1	Go/Malro(고말로)	Lord(성주/星主)	938–1024
2	Go/Jumul(고주물)	Lord(성주/星主)	1024–1029
3	Go/Ohno(고오노)	Lord(성주/星主)	1029–1063
4	Go/Eil(고일)	Lord(성주/星主)	1063–1090
5	Go/Bokryeong(고복령)	Lord(성주/星主)	1090–1101
6	Go/Indan(고인단)	Lord(성주/星主)	?-?
7	Go/Boksu(고복수)	Lord(성주/星主)	?-?
8	Go/Silgae(고실개)	Lord(성주/星主)	?-?
West Tamna ruled by Go(Jeju) Clan for 400 years
?	Go/Bongre(고봉례)	Lord(성주/星主) Governor of Left Jeju (좌도지관/左都知管)	?-1411
?	Go/Sangon(고상온)	Governor of Left Jeju (좌도지관/左都知管)	1411–1412
?	Go/Chungun(고충언)	Governor of Left Jeju (좌도지관/左都知管)	1412–1415
?	Public official of Joseon Kingdom	Governor of Left Jeju (좌도지관/左都知管)	1415–1445

*Based on Tamnaji(탐라지, 耽羅志), Goryeosa(고려사, 高麗史) and The Veritable Records of Joseon Dynasty (조선왕조실록, 朝鮮王朝實錄)

Princes and governors of East Tamna

The Moon(Nampyeong) clan is the family name of the Prince(Wangja, 왕자, 王子), that ruled East Tamna.

#	Name		Period of reign
#	Surname/First Name	Position(Hangul/Hanja)	Period of reign
1	?/Dura(?두라)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-1043
2	?/Hoin(?호인)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	1043–1053
3	?/Suwunna(?수운나)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	1053–1063
4	Moon/Chak (문착)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
5	Moon/Yang-Vu (문양부)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
6	Moon/Young-hee (문영희)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
7	Moon/Shin (문신)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
8	Moon/Chang-woo (문창우)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
9	Moon/Chang-yu (문창유)	Prince(왕자, 王子), Lord(성주, 星主,출처:연려실기술)	?-?
10	Moon/Gong-jae (문공제)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
11	Moon/Seung-seou (문승서)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
12	Moon/Shin-vou (문신보)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
13	Moon/Chung-vou (문충보)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
14	Moon/Chung-gul (문충걸)	Prince(왕자, 王子)	?-?
Last Prince	Moon/Chung-sae (문충세)	Prince(왕자, 王子) Governor of Right Jeju (우도지관/右都知管)	?-1404 1404–1415
East Tamna ruled by Moon(Nampyeong) Clan for 400 years
?	Public official of Joseon Kingdom	Governor of Right Jeju (우도지관/右都知管)	1415–1445