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Ike & Tina Turner
Ike & Tina Turner in 1973
Ike & Tina Turner in 1973
Background information
OriginSt. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Genres
Years active1960–1976
Labels
Past membersIke Turner
Tina Turner

Ike & Tina Turner was an American musical duo consisting of husband and wife Ike Turner and Tina Turner. From 1960 to 1976, they performed live as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, supported by Ike Turner's band, the Kings of Rhythm, and backing vocalists, the Ikettes. The Ike & Tina Turner Revue was regarded as "one of the most potent live acts on the R&B circuit."[2]

The duo had a string of R&B hits with their early recordings "A Fool In Love", "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", "I Idolize You", "Poor Fool", and "Tra La La La La". The release of "River Deep – Mountain High" in 1966, followed by a tour of the UK with The Rolling Stones, increased their popularity in Europe. Their later works are noted for interpretive soul-infused re-arrangements of rock songs such as "Come Together", "Honky Tonk Woman", and "Proud Mary", the latter of which won them a Grammy Award in 1972.[3] Ike & Tina Turner received the first Golden European Record Award for their international hit "Nutbush City Limits" in 1974.[4] They released dozens of albums; their most successful by chart performance being Workin' Together. Pitchfork listed their album River Deep – Mountain High among the best of its era. In spite of their success, they had a tumultuous marriage and the duo split in 1976. Following their divorce, Tina went on to enjoy a highly successful solo career.

Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.[5] They have two singles inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, "River Deep – Mountain High" and "Proud Mary".[6] Rolling Stone ranked them No. 2 on its list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.[7]

Ike died on December 12, 2007, at the age of 76, while Tina died on May 24, 2023, aged 83.

Career

[edit]
See also: List of Ike & Tina Turner live performances

1954–1959: Origins

[edit]

In 1954, musician and bandleader Ike Turner visited his sister Lee Ethel Knight in St. Louis, Missouri.[8] Soon after, he returned with his band, the Kings of Rhythm, to perform at Ned Love's club in East St. Louis, Illinois. Love eventually convinced Turner to relocate his band from Clarksdale, Mississippi.[9] By 1956, Turner and his band became one of the most popular live attractions in the St. Louis and neighboring East St. Louis club scene. Prior to his move, Turner worked as a talent scout and session musician for Sun Records, Modern Records, and RPM Records.[10] Around this time, Ann Bullock had moved to St. Louis from Brownsville, Tennessee. She began attending a predominantly African American nightclub, Club Manhattan, where she saw the Kings of Rhythm for the first time. She later recalled that she "almost went into a trance" watching Turner play.[11]

Bullock eventually got to know Turner and his band. Bullock, who had tried to convince Turner to let her perform onstage with him, was given a microphone from the band's drummer Eugene Washington.[11] Washington was the boyfriend of Bullock's sister Alline Bullock, who was a bartender at the club.[12][13][14] Turner was playing B.B. King's "You Know I Love You" on the organ when Bullock chimed in. He was taken aback by her strong voice which was in contrast to her skinny frame. He asked her if she knew more songs, and by the end of the night she had joined the Kings of Rhythm.[11][15] Still in high school, Bullock performed with Turner on weekends at all of the local clubs. She was one of many other vocalists, mostly male, who would front the band at times.[11] She began dating Turner's saxophonist Raymond Hill, with whom she had her first child, Craig Raymond Turner, born in 1958.[16][17]

In 1958, Bullock sang on "Boxtop" under the name "Little Ann". The single was released on the St. Louis label, Tune Town Records. Bullock later moved into Turner's home in East St. Louis, where she was trained by him on vocal control and performance.[13] They developed a close friendship, and acted more like "brother and sister". However, their friendship eventually turned into a romantic relationship and she became pregnant in January 1960.[11]

1960–1965: Early success

[edit]

In March 1960, Ike scheduled his band to record a song he wrote, titled "A Fool In Love", for singer Art Lassiter. Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session at Technisonic Studios in St. Louis.[18] Having already booked the studio time, Ike allowed Bullock to record the song as a demo with Lassiter's backing vocalists, the Artettes: Robbie Montgomery, Frances Hodges, and Sandra Harding.[19] During a gig at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis, Ike played the record which caught the attention of local disc jockey Dave Dixon from the radio station KATZ.[8] Dixon asked Ike to let him send the record to Juggy Murray, the president of Sue Records in New York. Murray was impressed by Bullock's vocal delivery and bought the rights to the song. Murray offered Ike a $20,000 advance, convincing him to keep Bullock's vocals on the record and suggested that he "make her the star" of his show.[20] This prompted Ike to rename her Tina Turner, however, family and friends still called her Ann.[8][21] He then trademarked the name for protection, so that if she left he could hire another female artist and have her perform under the moniker "Tina Turner".[22][8] He chose the name Tina because it rhymed with Sheena, his favorite character, Sheena, Queen of the Jungle.[23] At first they were going to use "Ike Turner and Tina" on the record, but Murray suggested that "Ike and Tina Turner" sounded better.[8] Tina had reservations about continuing her relationship with Ike. According to Tina, after she expressed her concern, Ike responded by hitting her in the head with a wooden shoe stretcher.[11]

"A Fool In Love" became an immediate hit after its release in July 1960, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot R&B Sides on August 15.[24] Ike formed the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm, male vocalist Jimmy Thomas, and a trio of female vocalists called the Ikettes.[8] As the single climbed the pop chart they went from playing in clubs to theaters such as the Apollo Theater in Harlem. On October 3, they made their first national television debut on American Bandstand when Tina was over eight months pregnant.[11] "A Fool In Love" peaked at No. 27 on the Hot 100 on October 17, eventually selling a million copies.[25] Journalist Kurt Loder described the song as "the blackest record to creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles's gospel-styled 'What'd I Say' the previous summer."[11] On October 27, Tina gave birth to their son Ronald "Ronnie" Renelle Turner.[11]

The success of the single was followed with another hit, "I Idolize You" and the release of their debut album The Soul of Ike & Tina Turner in February 1961.[26] That same month, before a gig at Howard Theatre in Washington, D.C., Tina decided to have her hair bleached, but a miscue resulted in her hair falling out. To cover up the incident Ike bought Tina a wig, which became incorporated into her stage appearance.[11] In June 1961, the duo released their next hit, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine".[27] Juggy Murray is credited as the sole producer, but the R&B duo Mickey & Sylvia also contributed to the song.[28] It became Ike and Tina's second million-seller, and earned them their first Grammy nomination for Best Rock and Roll Recording at the 4th Annual Grammy Awards.[3]

The Ike & Tina Turner Revue toured a grueling series of one-nighters throughout the United States on the Chitlin' Circuit,[18] breaking racial barriers by performing in front of integrated audiences in the Deep South.[29][8] Follow-up top 10 R&B hits in 1962 include "Poor Fool" and "Tra La La La La".[30] Thanks to the addition of singers Stacy Johnson and Vernon Guy, Tina and the Ikettes who at this point comprised Robbie Montgomery, Venetta Fields, and Jessie Smith, began incorporating dance routines into the act.[31] During this period, the revue build a reputation as one of the most explosive R&B ensembles.[32] Their live performances were a musical spectacle comparable to the style of James Brown and the Famous Flames.[33]

There was never any doubt that Tina Turner was the star of the Ike and Tina Turner Revue, the electrifying performer audiences came to see. Ike kept his own stage presence deliberately low-key, avoiding flamboyant moves and directing the band with underplayed, economical gestures. His songwriting, production, and music direction were geared towards showcasing Tina.

— Robert Palmer (1993)[34]

In 1962, Ike and Tina married in Tijuana, Mexico, and moved their entire band to Los Angeles.[11] In November 1962, Ike and Tina filed a $330,000 joint lawsuit with Placid Music Corporation against Sue Records, Saturn Music, and Juggy Murray for "failing and refusing to give an accounting and pay certain royalties." They also charged that Sue "withheld and concealed over $100,000" of their earnings from them.[35] In 1963, their last two albums they previously recorded were issued on Sue, Don't Play Me Cheap and It's Gonna Work Out Fine.[36][37] Also in 1963, Ike purchased a home in View Park with an advance given by Murray for a renewed contract which they didn't sign.[38][8][39] Instead, the duo severed ties with Murray who had been their manager during their Sue tenure. In 1964, they signed to Warner Bros. Records and hired Bob Krasnow as their manager.[40][41]

To make sure he always had a record out while on tour, Ike formed various labels such as Teena, Prann, Innis, Sony, Sonja Records.[8][42] He released singles from vocalists within the revue and other groups as well.[43] While Ike constantly recorded the revue, they performed 300 days out of the year to make up for lack of hit records. The personnel of the Kings of Rhythm and the lineup of Ikettes changed often.[44] In the mid-1960s, Jimi Hendrix briefly played backing guitar in the band.[45]

In 1964, Ike and Tina had modest R&B hits with "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had" and "A Fool For A Fool". They released their first live album, Ike & Tina Turner Revue Live, on Kent in November 1964.[46] It was their first album to chart, reaching No. 90 on the Cash Box Top 100.[47] Their first Billboard charting album, Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show, was released in January 1965 on Warner Bros. Records. It reached No. 126 on Billboard Top LP's and No. 8 on Hot R&B LP's in February 1965.[48] In 1965, the duo had two top 40 Billboard R&B hits with "Tell Her I'm Not Home" on Loma Records and "Good Bye, So Long" on Modern Records.[30] Later that year, they re-signed to Sue and released the single "Two Is A Couple", which peaked at No. 15 on the Cash Box R&B chart.[49]

Throughout 1965, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue performed on several teen rock and roll television shows including Shindig!, Hollywood a Go Go, and American Bandstand. Tina and the Ikettes improved their choreography by incorporating high energy dance routines. Phil Spector had seen them perform at a club on the Sunset Strip and invited them to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show which was filmed on November 29–30, 1965.[50][51] By the end of the year, the official incarnation of the Ikettes abruptly left and eventually formed the Mirettes. Ike hired another set of Ikettes: Pat Arnold (a.k.a. P. P. Arnold), Gloria Scott, and Maxine Smith.[11]

1966–1969: Career development

[edit]
The duo seated and singing
Ike & Tina Turner by Dennis Hopper for the album River Deep – Mountain High (1966)

Eager to produce Tina, Phil Spector negotiated a deal with Ike and Tina's manager Bob Krasnow, who was head of Loma Records.[52][53] Spector offered $20,000 to release them from their contract and for creative control over his sessions with Tina.[54] After their release from Loma, they signed to Spector's Philles Records label.[55] On March 7, 1966, Tina began recording the Phil Spector/Ellie Greenwich/Jeff Barry composition "River Deep – Mountain High" at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood.[56] The single failed to chart successfully in the United States, reaching No. 88 on the Hot 100.[30] The disappointing chart performance caused the album, River Deep – Mountain High, to be shelved in America where it wasn't released until 1969.[23] However, in Britain, the song became a hit, reaching No. 3 on the UK charts.[30] It also reached No. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain.[57] Due to popular demand, Spector released the album in the UK on London Records in September 1966 with liner notes written by Decca's promotion man Tony Hall. Hall included a quote from Spector stating, "We can only assume that England is more appreciative of talent and exciting music than the U.S.".[58]

Following their chart success in Britain, they toured with the Rolling Stones as an opening act on their 1966 UK Tour.[59] The successful 12-date tour began at the Royal Albert Hall on September 23 and concluded on October 9 at the Gaumont Theatre.[60] After the tour, the Turners performed at California Ballroom and toured Britain's club circuit to receptive crowds at Tiles, Ricky-Tick and the Mojo Club.[58] When they returned to the US, they were involved in a serious bus accident while on the road in Wichita, Kansas.[61] A few band members were hospitalized, so Turner recruited members from St. Louis to continue the tour.[62] By 1967, the revue started to book bigger venues in the United States. They performed a series of "exclusive deals" during this period, to help increase their finances. As their careers were rising, their personal relationship was deteriorating and Tina attempted suicide before a show in 1968.[51]

In 1968, Bob Krasnow founded Blue Thumb Records, and Ike gave him enough masters for two albums.[63] The first album, Outta Season, peaked at No. 43 on the Billboard R&B LP's chart.[64] It produced the duo's cover of Otis Redding's "I've Been Loving You Too Long", which peaked at No. 23 on the R&B singles chart.[65] In March 1969, Ike and Tina performed at the Grand Gala du Disque in Amsterdam.[66] In May 1969, Ike and the Kings of Rhythm released the album A Black Man's Soul on Pompeii Records.[67] The album earned Ike his first solo Grammy nomination for Best R&B Instrumental Performance at the 12th Annual Grammy Awards.[68]

In August 1969, the duo headlined at International Hotel's Casino Theatre in Las Vegas.[63] It was in Vegas that Ike, who up to that point had lived a drug and alcohol-free life, began using cocaine.[69] He later recalled that he was introduced to the drug by "two famous Las Vegas headliners".[70]

In September 1969, A&M Records reissued the album River Deep – Mountain High, and for the first time it was issued in the US.[23] It was successful, reaching No. 28 on the R&B albums chart.[71] The next month The Hunter was released on Blue Thumb, one of their most blues-oriented albums which features electric blues guitarist Albert Collins.[72] The title track, "The Hunter", an Albert King cover, reached No. 37 in the R&B singles chart. The album peaked at No. 47 on the R&B albums chart and earned Tina her first solo Grammy nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female at the 12th Annual Grammy Awards.[73][74]

In 1969, Ike and Tina began performing at rock festivals.[75] They performed at the Newport Pop Festival in Northridge, the Seattle Pop Festival in Woodinville, and the Gold Rush rock music festival in Amador County.[76][77][78] In November 1969, Ike and Tina reportedly upstaged the Rolling Stones as the opening act on their 1969 US Tour.[79][80] Tina emerged as a sex symbol and was praised for sensuality on stage.[81][82] Their erotic performance of "I've Been Loving You Too Long", filmed during a concert at Madison Square Garden, is featured in the Rolling Stones' 1970 documentary Gimme Shelter.[83] During a concert at Madison Square Garden, Janis Joplin joined the Turners on stage for an impromptu performance of "Land of 1000 Dances."[84] Ike and Tina added rock songs by the Rolling Stones and the Beatles to their repertoire, which was receptive among crowds.[85] Their new label, Minit Records, responded by rushing the release of a studio version of "Come Together".[86]

1970–1976: Mainstream success

[edit]

In January 1970, Ike and Tina performed on The Ed Sullivan Show.[87] Their performance of "Bold Soul Sister" propelled the single to No. 22 on the R&B chart.[88] In March, their single "Come Together" peaked at No. 21 on the R&B chart.[30] Due to the success of their singles, they were signed to Minit's parent label Liberty Records.[89][90] In April 1970, their first album on Liberty, Come Together, was released, reaching No. 13 on the R&B albums chart.[91][30] Their next single "I Want to Take You Higher" originally by Sly and the Family Stone was released in May 1970.[92] It charted higher on the Billboard Hot 100 than the original.[30] The revue's performance fee increased from $1,000 a night to $5,000 a night following their successful run.[93] In July, they headlined the Newport Jazz Festival in Rhode Island and the Schaefer Music Festival at New York's Central Park.[94][95][96] That Summer, they were featured in the Isley Brothers concert film It's Your Thing and they filmed Miloš Forman's Taking Off (1971).[97] In October 1970, they headlined the Soul Bowl at Tulane University's Sugar Bowl Stadium; a concert to raise money for disadvantaged minority students.[98] Later that year, they made their first trip to Asia to perform in Siam, China, Japan, and the Philippines.[99]

Ike & Tina Turner arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in 1971

Ike and Tina began performing Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary" during their shows in 1969. Ike wasn't fond of the original version, but he liked the cover version by Checkmates, Ltd.[11] Ike and Tina released their version on the album Workin' Together in November 1970.[100] Set at first to a slow acoustic rendition sung softly by both Ike and Tina, the song then transformed into a frenetic rock and soul dervish led by Tina and the Ikettes. The single was released in January 1971, reaching No. 4 on the Hot 100 and No. 5 on the R&B chart.[30] It sold more than a million copies, becoming the duo's best-selling single to date and won them a Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group at the 14th Annual Grammy Awards.[3] Workin' Together became their most successful studio album, peaking at No. 25 on the Billboard 200.[101] It includes the duo's social conscious title track, "Workin' Together", "Funkier Than A Mosquita's Tweeter" penned by Tina's sister Alline Bullock, and notable covers such as "Get Back" and "Let It Be" by the Beatles.[102]

In January 1971, Ike and Tina embarked on a European tour that included dates at Midem in Cannes, the Palais d'Hiver in Lyon, and the Olympia in Paris.[103] Their performances received rave reviews.[104] The conservative Le Monde described Ike and Tina as "the voice of desire".[105] Their concert at the Olympia was recorded and released as the album Live In Paris. While in Paris the Turners received the French Jazz Academy Soul award.[106]

Ike and Tina participated in the concert celebrating Ghana's 14th Independence Day on March 6, 1971. The concert was filmed and released as Soul To Soul in theaters in August 1971.[107] The following month the soundtrack Soul To Soul was released which featured the Turners.[108] The album peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Soul LP's chart.[109]

Tina is more convincing when she's growling out Ike's songs about her sexual appetites (I sure couldn't handle her) than when she's belting out Ike's songs about the social fabric.

— Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981)[110]

In May 1971, Ike and Tina were the opening act for Johnny Mathis at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas; performing for the first time in a main showroom at the hotel.[111] Earlier in the year Liberty Records was absorbed into United Artists Records, where Ike and Tina would remain as a duo.[112] Their first release for the label was the live album, What You Hear Is What You Get, recorded during their concert at Carnegie Hall in April 1971.[113] It peaked at No. 25 on the Billboard 200 and No. 7 on the R&B chart.[114] The album was certified Gold by the RIAA in 1972.[115] In July 1971, Ike and Tina filmed a concert during the Schaefer Music Festival at Central Park. It aired as Good Vibrations from Central Park on ABC-TV in August 1971.[116] Also in 1971, they had a top 40 R&B hits with "Ooh Poo Pah Doo" and "I'm Yours (Use Me Anyway You Wanna)".[30] In November 1971, Ike and Tina released the album 'Nuff Said.[117] Around this time, the Kings of Rhythm were renamed the Family Vibes.[118] In February 1972, the Turners officially opened their recording studio, Bolic Sound, to the public.[119][120] The facilities had already been in use for Turner productions since 1970.[121] A few months later they released the album Feel Good. Nine out of the ten tracks on the album were written by Tina.[122] In August, they performed at Nassau County's first major rock festival, Festival of Hope Rockfest, at Roosevelt Raceway to benefit crippled children.[123][124] In October, they performed "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, which was included on the album Here's Johnny: Magic Moments From the Tonight Show.[125] The duo had moderate R&B chart success with the Tina penned "Up in Heah" in 1972 and a cover of Little Richard's "Early One Morning" in 1973.[30]

Ike & Tina Turner performing at Musikhalle Hamburg in Hamburg, 1972

In August 1973, they released their hit record "Nutbush City Limits" which was written by Tina. It peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 11 on the R&B chart.[30] The single was even more successful in Europe, reaching No. 4 in the UK and No. 1 in Austria. It was also a top 5 hit in several other countries.[126] In 1974, the Turners received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe.[4][127] Their follow-up singles "Sweet Rhode Island Red" and "Sexy Ida" did well on the R&B chart and in Europe.[30]

In April 1974, Ike and Tina released the album The Gospel According to Ike & Tina Turner.[128] A few months later in September, Tina released her first solo album titled Tina Turns the Country On!.[129] Both albums received Grammy nominations at the 17th Annual Grammy Awards. Their gospel album was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance.[3] Ike also earned a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone".[68] Tina was nominated for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female for her solo album.[74]

In 1975, the revue began billing themselves as the Ike & Tina Turner Explosion.[130] In February 1975, it was announced that Gerhard Augustin, co-founder of Beat-Club and former head of A&R at United Artists in Munich, became Ike and Tina's manager.[131] He had previously co-produced a few of their singles and the album Feel Good (1972). In 1975, Tina starred as the Acid Queen in the rock opera film Tommy.[132] To capitalize off her publicity surrounding the film, a solo album by Tina was released titled Acid Queen. The lead single "Baby, Get It On" became the duo's last charting single together, peaking at No. 31 on the R&B chart.[30] It was a hit in Europe where the Turners had a strong following, reaching No. 20 in Belgium and No. 9 in the Netherlands.[133]

In September 1975, Ike and Tina were co-headliners at the Newport Pop Festival—a March of Dimes benefit—at Orange Coast College Stadium in Costa Mesa.[134] In January 1976, they embarked on their second Australian concert tour.[135] In March 1976, they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria in New York City.[136] They also signed a deal with CBS-TV for nine television shows revolving around the Ike & Tina Turner Revue with the possibility of it becoming a regular series.[137]

1976–1978: The end of the duo

[edit]

By 1976, Ike's cocaine addiction had caused a hole in his nasal septum, leading to nosebleeds from which he would relieve himself by using more of the drug.[70] Ike was planning for them to leave United Artists for a new record company, Cream Records, for a reported annual amount of $150,000. The contract had a key person clause, meaning they would have to sign it in four days, keeping Tina contractually tied to Ike for five more years.[138]

On July 1, 1976, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue flew from Los Angeles to Dallas, Texas where they had a gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton. While en route to the hotel, the Turners got into a physical altercation in the car. Shortly after their arrival, Tina fled from Ike with only 36 cents and a Mobil gas card to the nearby Ramada Inn across the freeway.[11] On July 27, 1976, Tina filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.[139] Years later in her 1986 autobiography I, Tina: My Life Story, she alleged that Ike had abused her throughout their marriage.[11] Ike claimed in his 1999 autobiography, Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner, that Tina initiated their final fight by purposely irritating him so that she would have a reason to break up with him before they were scheduled to sign their new contract.[8]

Their divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978. In the settlement, Tina gave Ike her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, real estate, and he kept his four cars. Tina retained her songwriter royalties from songs she had written, but Ike received the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers.[11] She also kept her two Jaguars, furs and jewelry along with her stage name. Tina took responsibility for the debts incurred from their missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien.[11]

In her 1986 autobiography, Tina revealed that Turner had been abusive during their marriage. She said: "It was my relationship with Ike that made me most unhappy. At first, I had really been in love with him. Look what he'd done for me. But he was totally unpredictable."[140] Turner admitted he took Tina for granted and called her "the best woman I ever knew".[141] In his autobiography, he said: "Sure, I've slapped Tina. We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. But I never beat her."[142] In a 1999 interview, Roseanne Barr urged him to publicly apologize to Tina on The Roseanne Barr Show.[143] In 2007, Turner told Jet that he had written Tina an apology letter, but had never sent it.[144][145] In 2018, Tina told The Sunday Times that "as an old person, I have forgiven him, but I would not work with him. He asked for one more tour with me, and I said, 'No, absolutely not.' Ike wasn't someone you could forgive and allow him back in."[146][147]

United Artists responded to the abrupt split by finishing albums from their last recording sessions, releasing Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978). In 1980, Ike released the single "Party Vibes"/"Shame, Shame, Shame" taken from The Edge (1980). The single peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard Disco Top 100 chart.[148]

After Tina's resurgence as a solo artist in the mid-1980s, compilation albums containing unreleased material were released, including Get Back (1985) and Gold Empire (1985). Get Back reached No. 189 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart.[30]

Awards and nominations

[edit]

Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1991, and the St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame in 2015.[149][150] They've each received a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.[151][152] Tina received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1986.[153] She is also inducted into the SoulMusic Hall of Fame, the Memphis Music Hall of Fame, and the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist.[154] Additionally, she is a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors.[155] Ike is inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame, the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame, and Hollywood's RockWalk.[156]

Ike & Tina Turner received the following awards:

  • 1971: Top Duo of the Year for their single "Proud Mary" from Hit Parade[157]
  • 1971: Top Duo (Singles) from Record World DJ Poll[158]
  • 1971: Best Duo from NATRA (The National Association of Television and Radio Announcers)[158]
  • 1971: French Jazz Academy Soul Award[106]
  • 1971: Prix Otis Redding from the Académie du Jazz for best R&B album (Workin' Together)[159]
  • 1974: Golden European Record Award, the first ever given for selling over one million records of "Nutbush City Limits"[4][127]

Grammy Awards

[edit]

Ike & Tina Turner won a Grammy Award for "Proud Mary" in 1972. Two of their songs, "River Deep – Mountain High" and "Proud Mary" were inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999 and 2003, respectively.[6] Tina won an additional seven Grammys as a solo artist; Ike won one as a solo artist in 2007.[68][74] Tina received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018.[160]

Year Nominee / work Award Result
1962 Ike & Tina Turner – "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" Best Rock & Roll Recording Nominated
1970 Tina Turner – The Hunter Best Female R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
1970 Ike Turner – A Black Mans Soul Best R&B Instrumental Performance Nominated
1972 Ike & Tina Turner – "Proud Mary" Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group Won
1975 Tina Turner – Tina Turns The Country On! Best Female R&B Vocal Performance Nominated
1975 Ike Turner – "Father Alone" Best Soul Gospel Performance Nominated
1975 Ike & Tina Turner – The Gospel According to Ike & Tina Best Soul Gospel Performance Nominated

Grammy Hall of Fame

[edit]
Year Nominee / work Award Result
1999 "River Deep – Mountain High" Hall of Fame (Single) Inducted
2003 "Proud Mary" Hall of Fame (Single) Inducted

Living Blues Awards

[edit]
Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref.
2014 Ike and Tina Turner, On the Road 1971-72 Best Blues DVD of 2013 Won [161]
2017 Ike & Tina Turner, The Complete Pompeii Recordings 1968-1969 Best Blues Album of 2016 (Reissue Recording) Nominated [162]

Rankings

[edit]

Billboard

[edit]

Billboard Year-End charts are a cumulative measure of a single or album's performance in the United States, based upon the Billboard magazine charts.

Billboard Year-End Charts
Year Chart Song Rank
1960 Year-End R&B Chart "A Fool In Love" 3
1961 Year-End Hot 100 Singles "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" 65
Year-End R&B Chart 2
1970 Year-End Hot 100 Singles "I Want to Take You Higher" 79
1971 Year-End Hot 100 Singles "Proud Mary" 55

Cash Box

[edit]

Cash Box magazine was a weekly publication devoted to the music and coin-operated machine industries which was published from July 1942 to November 16, 1996. It was one of several magazines that published charts of song popularity in the United States. In 1961, they began a year-end survey complied from their weekly Top 100 Best Seller list.

Cash Box Annual Year-End Survey
Year Nominee / work Award Rank Ref.
1961 Ike & Tina Turner Best New Vocal Groups (R&B) 1 [168]
Best Newcomers Vocal Group (Singles) 17
Ike & Tina Turner – "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" Top 50 R&B Singles 5
Ike & Tina Turner – "I Idolize You" Top 50 R&B Singles 48
1962 Ike & Tina Turner Best Vocal Groups (Singles) 10 [169]
Best Vocal Groups (R&B) 2
Ike & Tina Turner – "Poor Fool" Top 50 R&B Singles 17
1964 Ike & Tina Turner Best Vocal Groups (R&B) 22 [170]
1965 Best Vocal Groups (R&B) 25 [171]
1966 Best Vocal Groups (R&B) 24 [172]
1969 Best Duos (R&B) 5 [173]
1970 Top Duos 5 [174]
Top Duos (R&B) 2
1971 Ike & Tina Turner – "Proud Mary" Top 100 Chart Hits of 1971 56 [175]
Top 100 R&B Hits of 1971 32
Top 10 Songs of March 1971 9
Top 10 Songs of April 1971 9
Ike & Tina Turner Top Duos (albums) 3
Best Duos (Singles) 2
Best Duos (R&B) 1
1972 Best Duos (R&B) 3 [176]
1973 Best Duos (Singles) 3 [177]
Best Vocal Groups (R&B) 26
1974 Best Duos (Singles) 7 [178]
1975 Best Vocal Groups (R&B) 44 [179]

Record World

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Record World magazine (1946–1982) was one of the three main music industry trade magazines in the United States, along with Billboard and Cash Box. The Record World Awards were an annual award given to most successful artists in the US.

Record World Awards
Year Nominee Award Rank Ref.
1969 Ike & Tina Turner Most Promising Duo (Album) 1 [180]
1971 Top Duo Singles 2 [181]
Top Duo (Album) 2
1972 Top Duo R&B 2 [182]
1973 Top Duo R&B of the Year 1 [183]
1974 Top Vocal Duo (Album) 1 [184]
Top Vocal Duo (R&B Singles) 1

Selected discography

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Main article: Ike & Tina Turner discography
See also: List of songs written by Ike Turner and List of songs written by Tina Turner

Studio albums

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Live albums

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Compilation albums

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Video albums

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Filmography

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References

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  1. ^ "The Ike & Tina Turner Story 1960-1975 - Ike Turner | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic.
  2. ^ a b Steve Huey. "Ike & Tina Turner Biography". allmusic.com.
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  4. ^ a b c "Golden First For The Turner's" (PDF). Cash Box. December 28, 1974. p. 116.
  5. ^ "Ike and Tina Turner: inducted in 1991 | The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum". Rockhall.com. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
  6. ^ a b "Grammy Hall of Fame". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. October 18, 2010.
  7. ^ a b "20 Greatest Duos of All Time". Rolling Stone. December 17, 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cawthorne, Nigel; Turner, Ike (1999). Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner. Virgin Books. ISBN 9781852278502.
  9. ^ Durchholz, Daniel (May 16, 2001). "We Like Ike". Riverfront Times.
  10. ^ Bob Gulla (2007). Icons of R&B and Soul, Vol. 1: An Encyclopedia of The Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-31334-044-4.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Tina Turner; Kurt Loder (1986). I, Tina (Hardback ed.). HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-688-05949-1.
  12. ^ Bruce R. Olson (2016). That St. Louis Thing, Vol. 2: An American Story of Roots, Rhythm and Race. Lulu Publishing Services. ISBN 9781483457994.
  13. ^ a b Bob Gulla (2007). Icons of R&B and Soul, Vol. 1: An Encyclopedia of The Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-31334-044-4.
  14. ^ "Ike & Tina Turner: Workin' Together". Blues & Soul. No. 53. March 4, 1971. p. 12.
  15. ^ Gillian A. Gaar (October 1992). She's a Rebel: The History of Women in Rock & Roll. Seal Press. ISBN 978-1-878067-08-1.
  16. ^ Deerwester, Jayme (July 27, 2018). "Tina Turner scatters son Craig's ashes in the Pacific: 'He will always be my baby'". USA Today.
  17. ^ Bob Gulla (2007). Icons of R&B and Soul, Vol. 1: An Encyclopedia of The Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-31334-044-4.
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  33. ^ Bob Gulla (2000). Icons of R&B and Soul, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 168. ISBN 9780313340444.
  34. ^ Palmer, Robert (June 20, 1993). "Commentary: What Ike Had to Do With It". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
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  39. ^ Broven, John (2011). Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-252-09401-9. OCLC 785781204.
  40. ^ "Ike & Tina, Rocky Fellers Pacted By Warner Bros" (PDF). Cash Box. March 21, 1964. p. 35.
  41. ^ "Krasnow Joins Marks' West Coast Staff" (PDF). Cash Box. July 2, 1966. p. 215.
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  47. ^ "Top 100 Albums" (PDF). Cash Box. January 9, 1965. p. 21.
  48. ^ "Hot R&B LP's/Top LP's" (PDF). Billboard. February 13, 1965. pp. 30 & 38.
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  50. ^ Scott, John. L (December 1, 1965). "Performers Rock, Audience Roll at Pop-Folk Concert". Los Angeles Times. pp. Part V 21. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
  51. ^ a b Loder, Kurt (March 1, 1985). "Tina Turner Stages A Rock-Solid Comeback". The Chicago Tribune.
  52. ^ "Philips Signs Ike & Tina Turner" (PDF). Cash Box. April 23, 1966. p. 45.
  53. ^ Bob Gulla (2007). Icons of R&B and Soul, Vol. 1: An Encyclopedia of The Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-31334-044-4.
  54. ^ Fong-Torres, Ben (October 14, 1971). "Tales of Ike and Tina Turner". Rolling Stone.
  55. ^ "Ike & Tina to Philles" (PDF). Cash Box. April 30, 1966. p. 56.
  56. ^ Mick Brown (October 17, 2012). Tearing Down The Wall of Sound: The Rise And Fall of Phil Spector. A&C Black. p. 211. ISBN 9781408819500.
  57. ^ LOS40. "Cuando nací era número 1 de los 40: (1966-12-17) Ike & Tina Turner–River deep - Mountain high". LOS40 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 22, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ a b Williams, Richard (2009). Phil Spector: Out Of His Head. Omnibus Press. ISBN 9780857120564.
  59. ^ Michael Walker (May 16, 1993). "Tina Turner's Story Through a Disney Prism". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
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  61. ^ "Ike Turner Revue Injured In Kansas Bus Crash". Jet. Vol. 31, no. 12. December 29, 1966. p. 59.
  62. ^ Clemente, John. (2013). Girl Groups: Fabulous Females Who Rocked the World. AuthorHouse. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-4772-7633-4. OCLC 851414146.
  63. ^ a b "Ike & Tina Strive to Soulfulize Vegas Hearts" (PDF). Billboard. October 4, 1969. pp. SC-7.
  64. ^ "Rhythm & Blues LPs" (PDF). Billboard. July 19, 1969.
  65. ^ "Best Selling Rhythm & Blues Singles" (PDF). Billboard. June 14, 1969. p. 42.
  66. ^ "'69 Dutch Grand Gala Is Grand; Event Also Lists Edison Awards" (PDF). Cash Box. March 22, 1969. p. 63.
  67. ^ "Special Merit Picks" (PDF). Billboard. May 3, 1969. p. 51.
  68. ^ a b c "Ike Turner". Recording Academy Grammy Awards.
  69. ^ Turner & Cawthorne 1999, p. 135.
  70. ^ a b Margena A. Christian (October 2008). "The Last Days of Ike Turner". Ebony. Vol. 63, no. 12. p. 97. ISSN 0012-9011.
  71. ^ "Best Selling Soul LP's" (PDF). Billboard. December 13, 1969. p. 54.
  72. ^ Greensmith, Bill; Camarigg, Mark; Rowe, Mike (September 30, 2015). Blues Unlimited: Essential Interviews from the Original Blues Magazine. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252097508.
  73. ^ "Best Selling Soul LPs" (PDF). Billboard. January 31, 1970. p. 48.
  74. ^ a b c "Tina Turner". Recording Academy Grammy Awards.
  75. ^ "Newport 69 to Showcase 30 Pop-Rock Super Stars". The Van Nuys News. June 10, 1969. p. 26.
  76. ^ Roderick, Kevin (June 20, 2013). "Promoter of Newport '69, LA's Woodstock, remembers crazy weekend". LA Observed.
  77. ^ Quigley, Michael (July 28, 1969). "Seattle Pop Festival: Old rock masters cool festival heat". The Province. p. 8.
  78. ^ "Youths Hit Jackpot in Pot O' Gold Rush". The Atlanta Constitution. October 6, 1969. pp. 2–A.
  79. ^ Gleason, Ralph (November 23, 1969). "Ralph Gleason's Rhythm Section". The Sunday Star-Bulletin & Advertiser. p. 32.
  80. ^ "The 50 Greatest Concerts of the Last 50 Years". Rolling Stone. June 12, 2017.
  81. ^ Kasindorf, Martin (December 21, 1969). "Ike and Tina Turner: The Sex Revolution on Stage". Dayton Daily News. p. 27.
  82. ^ Gleason, Ralph J. (November 16, 1969). "Tina Turner - A Triumph of Instant Ecstasy". San Francisco Sunday Examiner & Chronicle. p. 37.
  83. ^ "Spotlight Singles: Special Merit Spotlight" (PDF). Billboard. July 10, 1971. p. 51.
  84. ^ "The Rolling Stones, Ike & Tina, B.B. King, Terry Reid" (PDF). Cash Box. December 6, 1969. p. 44.
  85. ^ Elwood, Philip (November 10, 1969). "Rolling Stones Ends With an Uproar". The San Francisco Examiner. p. 52.
  86. ^ "New Ike & Tina Turner Single Rushed Out" (PDF). Record World. December 20, 1973. p. 44.
  87. ^ Blistein, Jon (May 24, 2023). "Watch Tina Turner Flip the Rock Script and Usher in the Seventies With 'Proud Mary' on 'Ed Sullivan'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  88. ^ "Best Selling Soul Singles" (PDF). Billboard. January 24, 1970. p. 68.
  89. ^ "Lib/UA Renews Ike & Tina Turner; They Switch To The Liberty Label" (PDF). Cash Box. February 7, 1970. p. 9.
  90. ^ "Ike, Tina Re-Sign On Liberty" (PDF). Record World. February 7, 1970. p. 20.
  91. ^ "Liberty Runs Full Ike & Tina Promo" (PDF). CashBox. April 18, 1970. p. 35.
  92. ^ "Singles Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. May 9, 1970. p. 32.
  93. ^ Bob Gulla (2007). Icons of R&B and Soul, Vol. 1: An Encyclopedia of The Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-31334-044-4.
  94. ^ John S. Wilson (July 13, 1970). "Gillespie Is Star of Jazz Festival". The New York Times.
  95. ^ Dove, Ian (July 25, 1970). "Rock-Less Newport Jazz Pulls 40,400; Raindrops Keep Fallin'" (PDF). Billboard. p. 19.
  96. ^ "Charles Opens '70 Schaefer Music Festival June 25" (PDF). Billboard. June 13, 1970. p. 17.
  97. ^ "Isley's 'Thing' Film Debuts N.Y. Aug. 20" (PDF). Billboard. August 22, 1970. p. 6.
  98. ^ "Tulane 'Soul Bowl' Held to Aid Blacks". The New York Times. October 26, 1970.
  99. ^ "From The Music Capitals of the World: Los Angeles" (PDF). Billboard. December 19, 1970. p. 26.
  100. ^ "Album Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. November 14, 1970. p. 41.
  101. ^ Mark Bego (2005). Tina Turner: Break Every Rule. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 108. ISBN 9781461626022.
  102. ^ "Album Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. November 21, 1970. p. 75.
  103. ^ "International News Reports – Paris" (PDF). Billboard. January 30, 1971. p. 53.
  104. ^ "Paris Scratchpad". Jet. March 4, 1971. p. 28.
  105. ^ "International News Reports – Paris" (PDF). Billboard. June 26, 1971. p. 48.
  106. ^ a b "International News Report – Paris" (PDF). Billboard. February 27, 1971. p. 41.
  107. ^ Thompson, Howard (August 19, 1971). "Rousing 'Soul to Soul'". The New York Times.
  108. ^ "Album Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. September 18, 1971. p. 14.
  109. ^ "Best Selling Soul LP's" (PDF). Billboard. October 30, 1971. p. 33.
  110. ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: T". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 17, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
  111. ^ "Johnny Mathis, Ike & Tina Turner" (PDF). Billboard. May 29, 1971. p. 26.
  112. ^ "UA Corp Absorbs Lines; UA Records Sole Disk Co" (PDF). Billboard. January 23, 1971. p. 3.
  113. ^ "Ike & Tina Turner, Fats Domino – Carnegie Hall, New York". Billboard. Vol. 83, no. 16. April 17, 1971. p. 20.
  114. ^ "Best Selling Soul LP's/Top LP's" (PDF). Billboard. August 28, 1971. pp. 39, 62.
  115. ^ "Gold & Platinum – Ike & Tina Turner". RIAA.
  116. ^ "Television". Jet. August 12, 1971. p. 66.
  117. ^ "Album Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. November 13, 1971. p. 42.
  118. ^ "UA Jan. Album Showcases New Ike & Tina Band" (PDF). Cash Box. December 18, 1971. p. 12.
  119. ^ "Ike & Tina Studio". Billboard. February 19, 1972. p. 3.
  120. ^ "Ike & Tina Turner's Bolic Sound Studio". Billboard. March 4, 1972. p. 58.
  121. ^ Sutherland, Sam (March 18, 1972). "Studio Track" (PDF). Billboard. p. 8.
  122. ^ "Album Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. July 15, 1972.
  123. ^ Heckman, Don (August 11, 1972). "Rock Festivals on Upbeat Again". The New York Times.
  124. ^ "Festival of Hope". The Concert Database.
  125. ^ "Album Reviews – Pop Picks" (PDF). Cash Box. November 30, 1974. p. 26.
  126. ^ "Ike & Tina Turner - Nutbush City Limits". Dutch Charts.
  127. ^ a b "Turner Territory" (PDF). Record World. December 14, 1974. p. 51.
  128. ^ "Top Album Picks - Religious" (PDF). Billboard. April 27, 1974. p. 54.
  129. ^ "Top Album Picks - Soul" (PDF). Billboard. September 14, 1974. p. 62.
  130. ^ Cosford, Bill (December 29, 1975). "Tina Turner Wins a Feisty Crowd; Exciting Act Works, Even Without Ike". The Miami Herald. pp. 5–B.
  131. ^ "Executive Turntable" (PDF). Billboard. February 8, 1975. p. 4.
  132. ^ "Tina To "Tommy"" (PDF). Cash Box. May 11, 1974. p. 27.
  133. ^ "Ike & Tina Turner – Baby Get It On". Dutch Charts.
  134. ^ Pond, Steve (September 16, 1975). "Preston Headlines Benefit Concert". Los Angeles Times.
  135. ^ "A Softer Ike and Tina". The Sydney Morning Herald. January 19, 1976. p. 10.
  136. ^ Robins, Wayne (March 18, 1976). "Ike and Tina at the Waldorf". Newsday. pp. 9A.
  137. ^ "Trouble Trails Tina Turner". Jet. April 15, 1976. pp. 58–61.
  138. ^ Bob Gulla (2007). Icons of R&B and Soul, Vol. 1: An Encyclopedia of The Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-31334-044-4.
  139. ^ Cheo Tyehimba (August 2, 1996). "Tina's Independence Day". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  140. ^ Turner 1986, p. 91.
  141. ^ "Ike Turner released from prison, returns to music and 'appreciates' Tina". Jet. Vol. 80, no. 23. September 23, 1991. p. 37.
  142. ^ Turner & Cawthorne 1999, p. 174.
  143. ^ "The Roseanne Show (January 6, 1999)". Internet Archive. January 6, 1999.
  144. ^ Christian, Margena A. (January 7, 2008). "Rock 'N' Roll Pioneer Ike Turner Dies At 76". Jet. Vol. 112, no. 26. pp. 56–59.
  145. ^ "Ike Turner Dies at 76". NPR. December 13, 2007.
  146. ^ Leckie, Michael (March 18, 2018). "Tina Turner interview: the singer on Ike, Buddhism and leaving America for Switzerland". The Sunday Times.
  147. ^ Jefferson, J'na (March 22, 2018). "Tina Turner Says She Forgives Ex-Husband Ike". Billboard.
  148. ^ "Billboard Disco Top 100" (PDF). Billboard. November 1, 1980. p. 39.
  149. ^ Watrous, Peter (January 17, 1991). "Rock-and-Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Its 6th Crop of Legends". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  150. ^ "St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame Vote - Class of 2019". www.stlouisclassicrock.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  151. ^ "Tina Turner". St. Louis Walk of Fame.
  152. ^ "Ike Turner". St. Louis Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019.
  153. ^ "Tina Turner". Hollywood Walk of Fame. October 25, 2019.
  154. ^ "Tina Turner, Jay-Z, Foo Fighters Among Those Inducted Into Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame". NPR. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  155. ^ Files, John (December 5, 2005). "At Kennedy Center Honors, 5 More Join an Elite Circle". The New York Times.
  156. ^ "RockWalk Honors BMI Blues Legends". BMI. April 7, 2005.
  157. ^ "Top of The Hit Parade". Jazz Radio. November 29, 2001.
  158. ^ a b "U.S. Popular Recording Artists – Ike & Tina Turner" (PDF). Billboard. December 25, 1971. p. 75.
  159. ^ "French Jazz Awards Named" (PDF). Billboard. April 17, 1971. p. 50.
  160. ^ Fabian, Renée (January 9, 2018). "Tina Turner To Queen: 2018 Recording Academy Special Merit Awards". The Recording Academy Grammy Awards.
  161. ^ "2014 Living Blues Awards". Living Blues. April 15, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  162. ^ "Living Blues Awards - Readers Ballot 2017". Living Blues. p. 86. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  163. ^ The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Levy, Joe. (1st ed.). New York: Wenner Books. 2005. ISBN 1932958010. OCLC 60596234.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  164. ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. May 31, 2012.
  165. ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. April 7, 2011.
  166. ^ Barker, Emily (January 31, 2014). "The 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time: 100-1". NME. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  167. ^ "The 200 Best Albums of the 1960s - Page 9". Pitchfork. August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  168. ^ "Top R&B Records & Artist of 1961" (PDF). Cash Box. December 30, 1961. p. 56.
  169. ^ "Top Records & Artists of 1962" (PDF). Cash Box. pp. 23, 54.
  170. ^ "Best R&B Records & Artists of 1964" (PDF). Cash Box. December 26, 1964. p. 36.
  171. ^ "Best R&B Records & Artists of 1965" (PDF). Cash Box. December 25, 1965.
  172. ^ "Best R&B Records & Artists of 1966" (PDF). Cash Box. December 24, 1966.
  173. ^ "Best R&B Artist of 1969" (PDF). Cash Box. December 27, 1969.
  174. ^ "Best Records and Artists of 1970" (PDF). Cash Box. December 26, 1970.
  175. ^ "Best Records and Artists of 1971" (PDF). Cash Box. December 25, 1971.
  176. ^ "Best R&B Artists of 1972" (PDF). Cash Box. December 30, 1972.
  177. ^ "Best Records and Artists of 1973" (PDF). Cash Box. December 29, 1973.
  178. ^ "Best Artists of 1974 on Singles" (PDF). Cash Box. December 28, 1974. p. 24.
  179. ^ "Best R&B Artists of 1975" (PDF). Cash Box. December 27, 1975.
  180. ^ "Album Award Winners" (PDF). Record World. December 27, 1969. p. 15.
  181. ^ "1971 Record World Year" (PDF). Record World. December 25, 1971. pp. 13, 17.
  182. ^ "Record World 1972 Year End R&B Awards" (PDF). Record World. December 30, 1972. p. 104.
  183. ^ "Record World Year End R&B Awards" (PDF). Record World. December 29, 1973.
  184. ^ "Record World 1974" (PDF). Record World. August 10, 1974. pp. 31, 34.
  185. ^ "The B-I-G "TNT" Show Starts Friday - Dec. 24 (Advertisement)". The Danville Register. December 22, 1965. pp. 4–D. Retrieved November 18, 2023.

Sources

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