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MPEG-4

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MPEG-4 is a group of international standards for the compression of digital audio and visual data, multimedia systems, and file storage formats. It was originally introduced in late 1998 as a group of audio and video coding formats and related technology agreed upon by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC29/WG11) under the formal standard ISO/IEC 14496 – Coding of audio-visual objects. Uses of MPEG-4 include compression of audiovisual data for Internet video and CD distribution, voice (telephone, videophone) and broadcast television applications. The MPEG-4 standard was developed by a group led by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president) and Fernando Pereira.[1]

Background

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MPEG-4 absorbs many of the features of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 and other related standards, adding new features such as (extended) VRML support for 3D rendering, object-oriented composite files (including audio, video and VRML objects), support for externally specified digital rights management and various types of interactivity. AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) was standardized as an adjunct to MPEG-2 (as Part 1) before MPEG-4 was issued.

MPEG-4 is still an evolving standard and is divided into a number of parts. Companies promoting MPEG-4 compatibility do not always clearly state which "part" level compatibility they are referring to. The key parts to be aware of are MPEG-4 Part 2 (including Advanced Simple Profile, used by codecs such as DivX, Xvid, Nero Digital, RealMedia, 3ivx, H.263 and by QuickTime 6) and MPEG-4 part 10 (MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 or Advanced Video Coding, used by the x264 encoder, Nero Digital AVC, QuickTime 7, Flash Video, and high-definition video media like Blu-ray Disc).

Most of the features included in MPEG-4 are left to individual developers to decide whether or not to implement. This means that there are probably no complete implementations of the entire MPEG-4 set of standards. To deal with this, the standard includes the concept of "profiles" and "levels", allowing a specific set of capabilities to be defined in a manner appropriate for a subset of applications.

Initially, MPEG-4 was aimed primarily at low-bit-rate video communications; however, its scope as a multimedia coding standard was later expanded. MPEG-4 is efficient across a variety of bit rates ranging from a few kilobits per second to tens of megabits per second. MPEG-4 provides the following functions:

  • Improved coding efficiency over MPEG-2[2]
  • Ability to encode mixed media data (video, audio, speech)
  • Error resilience to enable robust transmission
  • Ability to interact with the audio-visual scene generated at the receiver

Overview

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MPEG-4 provides a series of technologies for developers, for various service-providers and for end users:

  • MPEG-4 enables different software and hardware developers to create multimedia objects possessing better abilities of adaptability and flexibility to improve the quality of such services and technologies as digital television, animation graphics, the World Wide Web and their extensions.
  • Data network providers can use MPEG-4 for data transparency. With the help of standard procedures, MPEG-4 data can be interpreted and transformed into other signal types compatible with any available network.
  • The MPEG-4 format provides end users with a wide range of interaction with various animated objects.
  • Standardized digital rights management signaling, otherwise known in the MPEG community as Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP).

The MPEG-4 format can perform various functions, among which might be the following:

  • Multiplexes and synchronizes data, associated with media objects, in such a way that they can be efficiently transported further via network channels.
  • Interaction with the audio-visual scene, which is formed on the side of the receiver.

Profiles and Levels

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See also: Profiles and levels specified in MPEG-4 Part 2, Profiles specified in MPEG-4 Part 10, and Levels specified in MPEG-4 Part 10

MPEG-4 provides a large and rich set of tools for encoding.[vague] Subsets of the MPEG-4 tool sets have been provided for use in specific applications.[vague] These subsets, called 'Profiles', limit the size of the tool set a decoder is required to implement.[3] In order to restrict computational complexity, one or more 'Levels' are set for each Profile.[3] A Profile and Level combination allows:[3]

  • A codec builder to implement only the subset of the standard needed, while maintaining interworking with other MPEG-4 devices that implement the same combination.[3]
  • Checking whether MPEG-4 devices comply with the standard, referred to as conformance testing.[3]

MPEG-4 Parts

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MPEG-4 consists of several standards—termed "parts"—including the following (each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification):

MPEG-4 parts[4][5]
Part Number First public release date (first edition) Latest public release date (last edition) Latest amendment Title Description
Part 1 ISO/IEC 14496-1 1999 2010[6] 2014[7] Systems Describes synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. For example, the MPEG-4 file format version 1 (obsoleted by version 2 defined in MPEG-4 Part 14). The functionality of a transport protocol stack for transmitting and/or storing content complying with ISO/IEC 14496 is not within the scope of 14496-1 and only the interface to this layer is considered (DMIF). Information about transport of MPEG-4 content is defined e.g. in MPEG-2 Transport Stream, RTP Audio Video Profiles and others.[8][9][10][11][12]
Part 2 ISO/IEC 14496-2 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 1999 2004[13] 2009 Visual A compression format for visual data (video, still textures, synthetic images, etc.). Contains many profiles, including the Advanced Simple Profile (ASP), and the Simple Profile (SP).
Part 3 ISO/IEC 14496-3 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 1999 2009[14] 2017[15] Audio A set of compression formats for perceptual coding of audio signals, including some variations of Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) as well as other audio/speech coding formats and tools (such as Audio Lossless Coding (ALS), Scalable Lossless Coding (SLS), Structured Audio, Text-To-Speech Interface (TTSI), HVXC, CELP and others)
Part 4 ISO/IEC 14496-4 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2000 2004[16] 2016 Conformance testing Describes procedures for testing conformance to other parts of the standard.
Part 5 ISO/IEC 14496-5 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2000 2001[17] 2017 Reference software Provides reference software for demonstrating and clarifying the other parts of the standard.
Part 6 ISO/IEC 14496-6 Archived 2017-08-31 at the Wayback Machine 1999 2000[18] Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)
Part 7 ISO/IEC TR 14496-7 Archived 2017-08-31 at the Wayback Machine 2002 2004[19] Optimized reference software for coding of audio-visual objects Provides examples of how to make improved implementations (e.g., in relation to Part 5).
Part 8 ISO/IEC 14496-8 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2004 2004[20] Carriage of ISO/IEC 14496 contents over IP networks Specifies a method to carry MPEG-4 content on IP networks. It also includes guidelines to design RTP payload formats, usage rules of SDP to transport ISO/IEC 14496-1-related information, MIME type definitions, analysis on RTP security and multicasting.
Part 9 ISO/IEC TR 14496-9 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2004 2009[21] Reference hardware description Provides hardware designs for demonstrating how to implement the other parts of the standard.
Part 10 ISO/IEC 14496-10 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2003 2014[22] 2016[23] Advanced Video Coding (AVC) A compression format for video signals which is technically identical to the ITU-T H.264 standard.
Part 11 ISO/IEC 14496-11 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2005 2015[24] Scene description and application engine Can be used for rich, interactive content with multiple profiles, including 2D and 3D versions. MPEG-4 Part 11 revised MPEG-4 Part 1 – ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001 and two amendments to MPEG-4 Part 1. It describes a system level description of an application engine (delivery, lifecycle, format and behaviour of downloadable Java byte code applications) and the Binary Format for Scene (BIFS) and the Extensible MPEG-4 Textual (XMT) format – a textual representation of the MPEG-4 multimedia content using XML, etc.[24] (It is also known as BIFS, XMT, MPEG-J.[25] MPEG-J was defined in MPEG-4 Part 21)
Part 12 ISO/IEC 14496-12 Archived 2023-01-27 at the Wayback Machine 2004 2015[26] 2017[27] ISO base media file format A file format for storing time-based media content. It is a general format forming the basis for a number of other more specific file formats (e.g. 3GP, Motion JPEG 2000, MPEG-4 Part 14). It is technically identical to ISO/IEC 15444-12 (JPEG 2000 image coding system – Part 12).
Part 13 ISO/IEC 14496-13 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2004 2004[28] Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) Extensions MPEG-4 Part 13 revised an amendment to MPEG-4 Part 1 – ISO/IEC 14496-1:2001/Amd 3:2004. It specifies common Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) processing, syntax and semantics for the carriage of IPMP tools in the bit stream, IPMP information carriage, mutual authentication for IPMP tools, a list of registration authorities required for the support of the amended specifications (e.g. CISAC), etc. It was defined due to the lack of interoperability of different protection mechanisms (different DRM systems) for protecting and distributing copyrighted digital content such as music or video.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]
Part 14 ISO/IEC 14496-14 Archived 2023-03-30 at the Wayback Machine 2003 2003[38] 2010[39] MP4 file format It is also known as "MPEG-4 file format version 2". The designated container file format for MPEG-4 content, which is based on Part 12. It revises and completely replaces Clause 13 of ISO/IEC 14496-1 (MPEG-4 Part 1: Systems), in which the MPEG-4 file format was previously specified.
Part 15 ISO/IEC 14496-15 Archived 2023-12-07 at the Wayback Machine 2004 2022[40] 2023[41] Part 15: Carriage of network abstraction layer (NAL) unit structured video in the ISO base media file format For storage of Part 10 video. File format is based on Part 12, but also allows storage in other file formats.
Part 16 ISO/IEC 14496-16 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2004 2011[42] 2016[43] Animation Framework eXtension (AFX) It specifies MPEG-4 Animation Framework eXtension (AFX) model for representing 3D Graphics content. MPEG-4 is extended with higher-level synthetic objects for specifying geometry, texture, animation and dedicated compression algorithms.
Part 17 ISO/IEC 14496-17 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2006 2006[44] Streaming text format Timed Text subtitle format
Part 18 ISO/IEC 14496-18 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2004 2004[45] 2014 Font compression and streaming For Open Font Format defined in Part 22.
Part 19 ISO/IEC 14496-19 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2004 2004[46] Synthesized texture stream Synthesized texture streams are used for creation of very low bitrate synthetic video clips.
Part 20 ISO/IEC 14496-20 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2006 2008[47] 2010 Lightweight Application Scene Representation (LASeR) and Simple Aggregation Format (SAF) LASeR requirements (compression efficiency, code and memory footprint) are fulfilled by building upon the existing the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format defined by the World Wide Web Consortium.[48]
Part 21 ISO/IEC 14496-21 2006 2006[49] MPEG-J Graphics Framework eXtensions (GFX) Describes a lightweight programmatic environment for advanced interactive multimedia applications – a framework that marries a subset of the MPEG standard Java application environment (MPEG-J) with a Java API.[25][49][50][51] (at "FCD" stage in July 2005, FDIS January 2006, published as ISO standard on 2006-11-22).
Part 22 ISO/IEC 14496-22 2007 2015[52] 2017 Open Font Format OFFS is based on the OpenType version 1.4 font format specification, and is technically equivalent to that specification.[53][54] Reached "CD" stage in July 2005, published as ISO standard in 2007
Part 23 ISO/IEC 14496-23 2008 2008[55] Symbolic Music Representation (SMR) Reached "FCD" stage in October 2006, published as ISO standard in 2008-01-28
Part 24 ISO/IEC TR 14496-24 Archived 2017-08-31 at the Wayback Machine 2008 2008[56] Audio and systems interaction Describes the desired joint behavior of MPEG-4 File Format and MPEG-4 Audio.
Part 25 ISO/IEC 14496-25 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2009 2011[57] 3D Graphics Compression Model Defines a model for connecting 3D Graphics Compression tools defined in MPEG-4 standards to graphics primitives defined in any other standard or specification.
Part 26 ISO/IEC 14496-26 Archived 2017-08-31 at the Wayback Machine 2010 2010[58] 2016 Audio Conformance
Part 27 ISO/IEC 14496-27 Archived 2017-08-30 at the Wayback Machine 2009 2009[59] 2015[60] 3D Graphics conformance 3D Graphics Conformance summarizes the requirements, cross references them to characteristics, and defines how conformance with them can be tested. Guidelines are given on constructing tests to verify decoder conformance.
Part 28 ISO/IEC 14496-28 2012 2012[61] Composite font representation
Part 29 ISO/IEC 14496-29 Archived 2017-08-31 at the Wayback Machine 2014 2015 Web video coding Text of Part 29 is derived from Part 10 - ISO/IEC 14496-10. Web video coding is a technology that is compatible with the Constrained Baseline Profile of ISO/IEC 14496-10 (the subset that is specified in Annex A for Constrained Baseline is a normative specification, while all remaining parts are informative).
Part 30 ISO/IEC 14496-30 2014 2014 Timed text and other visual overlays in ISO base media file format It describes the carriage of some forms of timed text and subtitle streams in files based on ISO/IEC 14496-12 - W3C Timed Text Markup Language 1.0, W3C WebVTT (Web Video Text Tracks). The documentation of these forms does not preclude other definition of carriage of timed text or subtitles; see, for example, 3GPP Timed Text (3GPP TS 26.245).
Part 31 ISO/IEC 14496-31 Under development (2018-05) Video Coding for Browsers Video Coding for Browsers (VCB) - a video compression technology that is intended for use within World Wide Web browser
Part 32 ISO/IEC CD 14496-32 Under development Conformance and reference software
Part 33 ISO/IEC FDIS 14496-33 Under development Internet video coding

Profiles are also defined within the individual "parts", so an implementation of a part is ordinarily not an implementation of an entire part.

MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 are other suites of MPEG standards.

Licensing

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Further information: MPEG-4 Part 2 § Patent holders

MPEG-4 contains patented technologies, the use of which requires licensing in countries that acknowledge software algorithm patents. Over two dozen companies claim to have patents covering MPEG-4. MPEG LA[62] licenses patents required for MPEG-4 Part 2 Visual from a wide range of companies (audio is licensed separately) and lists all of its licensors and licensees on the site. New licenses for MPEG-4 System patents are under development[63] and no new licenses are being offered while holders of its old MPEG-4 Systems license are still covered under the terms of that license for the patents listed (MPEG LA – Patent List).

The majority of patents used for the MPEG-4 Visual format are held by three Japanese companies: Mitsubishi Electric (255 patents), Hitachi (206 patents), and Panasonic (200 patents).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ebrahimi, Touradj; Pereira, Fernando (2002). The MPEG-4 Book. Prentice Hall Professional. ISBN 9780130616210.
  2. ^ Wiegand, T; Sullican, G J; Bjontegaard, G; Luthra, A (2003). "Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard". IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. 13 (7): 560–576. doi:10.1109/TCSVT.2003.815165.
  3. ^ a b c d e MacKie, David; Singer, David; Meer, Jan Van der; Swaminathan, Viswanathan; Gentric, Philippe (December 2003), RFC 3640, IETF, p. 31, archived from the original on 2009-04-28, retrieved 2009-03-23.
  4. ^ MPEG. "MPEG standards – Full list of standards developed or under development". Chiariglione. Archived from the original on 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  5. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-11-09). "Programme of Work – MPEG-4 (Coding of audio-visual objects)". Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Retrieved 2009-11-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-1:2010 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 1: Systems". Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  7. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 14496-1:2010/Amd 2:2014 – Support for raw audio-visual data". Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  8. ^ ISO/IEC (2004-11-15), ISO/IEC 14496-1:2004 – Third edition 2004-11-15 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 1: Systems (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-31, retrieved 2010-04-11
  9. ^ WG11 (MPEG) (March 2002). "Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard". Archived from the original on 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2010-04-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ WG11 (1997-11-21), Text for CD 14496-1 Systems (MS Word .doc), retrieved 2010-04-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  12. ^ "MPEG Systems (1-2-4-7) FAQ, Version 17.0". July 2001. Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
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  14. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 3: Audio". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  15. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 6:2017, Profiles, levels and downmixing method for 22.2 channel programs". ISO. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
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  17. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-5:2001 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 5: Reference software". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  18. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-6:2000 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 6: Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  19. ^ "ISO/IEC TR 14496-7:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 7: Optimized reference software for coding of audio-visual objects". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  20. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-8:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 8: Carriage of ISO/IEC 14496 contents over IP networks". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  21. ^ "ISO/IEC TR 14496-9:2009 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 9: Reference hardware description". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  22. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-10:2014 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 10: Advanced Video Coding". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  23. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-10:2014/Amd 3:2016 – Constrained Additional supplemental enhancement information". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
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  27. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 14496-12:2015/Amd 1:2017 – DRC Extensions". Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  28. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-13:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 13: Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) extensions". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
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  30. ^ "MPEG-4 IPMPX white paper". MPEG. July 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  31. ^ "MPEG Intellectual Property Management and Protection". MPEG. April 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
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  33. ^ "MPEG Registration Authority – IPMP". MPEG RA International Agency (CISAC). Archived from the original on 2007-06-16. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  34. ^ "MPEG RA – FAQ IPMP". MPEG RA International Agency (CISAC). Retrieved 2010-08-01.[permanent dead link]
  35. ^ "Intellectual Property Management and Protection Registration Authority". CISAC. 2004-12-05. Archived from the original on 2004-12-05. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
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  39. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003/Amd 1:2010 – Handling of MPEG-4 audio enhancement layers". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  40. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-15:2022 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 15: Carriage of network abstraction layer (NAL) unit structured video in the ISO base media file format". ISO. Archived from the original on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  41. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-15:2022/Amd 1:2023 - Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 15: Carriage of network abstraction layer (NAL) unit structured video in the ISO base media file format — Amendment 1: Support for LCEVC". ISO. Archived from the original on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  42. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-16:2011 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 16: Animation Framework eXtension (AFX)". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  43. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-16:2011/Amd 3:2016 – Printing material and 3D graphics coding for browsers". Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  44. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-17:2006 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 17: Streaming text format". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  45. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-18:2004 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 18: Font compression and streaming". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  46. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-19:2004 – Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 19: Synthesized texture stream". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  47. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-20:2008 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 20: Lightweight Application Scene Representation (LASeR) and Simple Aggregation Format (SAF)". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  48. ^ "MPEG-4 LASeR white paper". July 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  49. ^ a b "ISO/IEC 14496-21:2006 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 21: MPEG-J Graphics Framework eXtensions (GFX)". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  50. ^ "MPEG-4 Systems MPEG-J". July 2001. Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  51. ^ "MPEG-J GFX white paper". July 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  52. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-22:2009 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 22: Open Font Format". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  53. ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11 (July 2008). "ISO/IEC 14496-22 "Open Font Format"". Chiariglione. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2010-02-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-22 Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 22: Open Font Format" (Zip) (first ed.). 2007-03-15. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2010-01-28.
  55. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-23:2008 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 23: Symbolic Music Representation". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  56. ^ "ISO/IEC TR 14496-24:2008 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 24: Audio and systems interaction". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  57. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-25:2011 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 25: 3D Graphics Compression Model". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  58. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-26:2010 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 26: Audio conformance". ISO. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  59. ^ "ISO/IEC 14496-27:2009 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 27: 3D Graphics conformance". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  60. ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 14496-27:2009/Amd 6:2015 – Pattern-based 3D mesh coding conformance". Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  61. ^ "ISO/IEC CD 14496-28 – Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 28: Composite font representation". ISO. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
  62. ^ "MPEG Licensing Authority – MPEG-4 Visual: Introduction". Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  63. ^ "MPEG Licensing Authority – MPEG-4 Systems: Introduction". Archived from the original on 2011-01-22. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
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