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Clement Zablocki

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Clement Zablocki
Official portrait for the House Foreign Affairs Committee, by Robert F. Schuenke (1979)
Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee
In office
January 3, 1977 – December 3, 1983
Preceded byThomas E. Morgan
Succeeded byDante Fascell
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Wisconsin's 4th district
In office
January 3, 1949 – December 3, 1983
Preceded byJohn C. Brophy
Succeeded byJerry Kleczka
Member of the Wisconsin Senate
from the 3rd district
In office
January 1, 1943 – January 1, 1949
Preceded byArthur L. Zimny
Succeeded byCasimir Kendziorski
Personal details
Born(1912-11-18)November 18, 1912
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
DiedDecember 3, 1983(1983-12-03) (aged 71)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeSaint Adalbert Cemetery, Milwaukee
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Blanche M. Janic
​
​
(m. 1937; died 1977)​
Children2
Alma materMarquette University (Ph.B.)

Clement John Zablocki (November 18, 1912 – December 3, 1983) was a Polish American politician from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was one of Wisconsin's longest-serving members of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Wisconsin's 4th congressional district for 18 terms, from 1949 until his death in 1983.[1]

A liberal Democrat, he built his reputation in foreign policy by taking strong anti-communist positions and supporting the Vietnam War. He was a sponsor of the original Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which launched the American intervention, but near the end of the war he was a driving force for the War Powers Resolution, which sought to put restraints on the war-making powers of future presidents. He rose to become chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee for the last seven years of his career.[2]

Early life and education

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Clement Zablocki was born, raised, and lived most of his life in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The son of Polish immigrants, he grew up speaking both Polish and English in Milwaukee's flourishing Polish American community.[3] He attended St. Vincent's Catholic Parochial School and then graduated from Marquette University High School. He took lessons as an organist from age 10, and earned money for college by performing at church services and directing the church choir. He also worked as a department store clerk.[3] He went on to attend Milwaukee's Marquette University, where he earned his Ph.B. in 1936. After graduating, he continued his work as a musician, and supplemented his income by teaching English and citizenship test preparation courses for Polish immigrants.[4][3]

Early political career

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According to Milwaukee legend, Zablocki often emphasized with his Polish immigrant students the importance of participating in American politics. At one point, a student in his class, Mrs. Geniusz, responded to him saying that if he knew so much about politics, he should run for office. Zablocki responded by immediately declaring his candidacy for Wisconsin Senate. Whether or not that story is true, Zablocki had a strong base to begin a life in politics. His aunt, Leone Wozinski, was a leading figure in Milwaukee's Polish American community and was highly active with civic organizations which crossed over into other communities in the city. She introduced Zablocki to those organizations, and he quickly became "the life of the party".[3]

Zablocki's run for Wisconsin Senate in 1938 was his first campaign for public office. He was only 26 and was launching a primary challenge against incumbent Arthur L. Zimny of Wisconsin's 3rd Senate district. Zimny had run afoul of local Democrats and the Polish community by accepting a number of personal benefits from the Wisconsin Progressive Party in exchange for his support in organizing the legislature.[5] As it does today, the 3rd Senate district spanned a swath of the south side of the city of Milwaukee, from Walker's Point to the Jackson Park neighborhood, comprising many of the Polish American neighborhoods of the city. In addition to Zablocki, however, six other Democrats also sought to challenge Zimny in 1938, significantly diluting the vote. Zimni won renomination, but Zablocki posted a surprisingly strong second-place finish in the primary, falling only 411 votes short.[6]

Zimny did not run again in 1942, and Zablocki was immediately seen as a frontrunner to replace him. Nevertheless, he did still face a competitive Democratic primary against Richard F. Maruszewski. Zablocki prevailed with 53.6% of the vote.[7]

In the state Senate, Zablocki championed common Democratic issues of the time, supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies, labor unions, and veterans benefits, but was deep in the minority and held little influence in the crafting of legislation.[3] He defeated a primary challenge from former state representative Martin Franzkowiak in 1946, and won a landslide in the general election.[8] In the Spring 1948 election, Zablocki sought election as Milwaukee city comptroller, but lost.

Congress

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Wisconsin's 4th congressional district 1931–1963

In 1946, Milwaukee's then-incumbent congressman Thaddeus Wasielewski lost the Democratic primary when seeking re-election, and then ran as an independent in the general election, splitting the Democratic vote and allowing Republican John C. Brophy to eke out a victory with 36% of the vote. When Wasielewski indicated he would not run again in 1948, Zablocki jumped into the race and quickly cleared the primary field. In the general election, however, Zablocki faced the danger of a split Democratic vote again, as the 1946 Democratic nominee Edmund V. Bobrowicz entered the race on the Progressive Party ticket. Zablocki and other prominent Milwaukee Democrats sought to head off this problem by denouncing Bobrowicz over past communist affiliations.[9][10] The incumbent, Brophy, had only served on the Milwaukee City Council before his election to Congress and was regarded by the Wisconsin press as a weak campaigner relative to the gregarious Zablocki.[11] At the general election, Zablocki won by a wide margin, taking nearly 56% of the vote.[12]

He represented Wisconsin's 4th congressional district, which at that time comprised all of the southern half of Milwaukee County, including the south side of the city of Milwaukee, and also included the city and town of Wauwatosa. He was sworn in at the start of the 81st Congress and was reelected 17 times, serving from January 3, 1949, until his death on December 3, 1983.[13] Zablocki faced several primary challenges during his career and nearly always faced a Republican opponent in the general election, but he never received less than 60% in another election after the 1948 general.

Early years in Congress

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Zablocki was assigned to the House Foreign Affairs Committee from his first term in Congress. He immediately struck a strong anti-communist line, insisting that the United States should not recognize the newly established People's Republic of China, and asserting that the people of China—and those of Eastern Europe—would eventually overthrow Communism. Controversially, he also then said that the U.S. should sooner recognize the Franco regime than Communist China.[14] During his first term, he also hailed the establishment of the state of Israel on the first anniversary of its founding, praising it as a haven for refugees and displaced persons after the devastation of World War II.[15] Zablocki's continued support for rapprochement with Francoist Spain also led him into a public dispute with then-U.S. President Harry S. Truman in 1952.[16] Zablocki also supported the Republican plan to invite General Douglas MacArthur to testify before Congress after his dismissal by President Truman.

Politically, Zablocki also clashed in these early years with the state Democratic Party leadership, particularly over patronage opportunities.[17]

U.S. Senate special election (1957)

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Zablocki made only one attempt to run for higher office after being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. That attempt occurred in the 1957 special election for U.S. Senate following the death of senator Joseph McCarthy. In the Democratic primary election, Zablocki was opposed by former state representative William Proxmire, who had been the Democratic nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in the previous three general elections. Proxmire was an enthusiastic campaigner, and was—by then—well known throughout the state. At the primary, Zablocki put up a large majority in Milwaukee County, but Proxmire won nearly every other county and took the nomination easily.[18] After losing the primary, however, Zablocki campaigned in Catholic communities around the state for Proxmire, sometimes accompanied by Massachusetts U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy.[19] Their combined efforts led to Proxmire winning a surprise upset in the election, and was then emulated by future Democratic statewide campaigns.[3]

Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations

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Zablocki with President Kennedy in the Oval Office, 1962.

During the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Zablocki was appointed as one of the United States delegates to the thirteenth session of the United Nations General Assembly.

Zablocki was an early supporter of Senator John F. Kennedy's presidential ambitions, endorsing his presidential campaign in early 1959 and volunteering to run as a Kennedy delegate in the 1960 primary.[20] Later that year, Kennedy attended a series of events in Wisconsin culminating in a Pulaski Day dinner which included a celebration of Zablocki's decade of service in Congress.[21] Zablocki later took credit for introducing Kennedy to the Polish-American community, which became part of Kennedy's base in the 1960 election. Zablocki was ultimately elected as a delegate to the 1960 Democratic National Convention. Kennedy would, in 1962, refer to Zablocki as his campaign manager in Wisconsin.[19]

Zablocki shepherded many of Kennedy's foreign policy initiatives through Congress, including the Peace Corps, the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, and his foreign aid program.[3]

Civil rights

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Zablocki voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but saw significant backlash from his Polish American constituency. After segregationist candidate George Wallace was warmly received by his constituents in 1964, Zablocki began to waver on civil rights issues, opposing a fair housing law and taking other symbolic steps—distancing himself from activist Catholic priest James Groppi and maintaining his membership in the Fraternal Order of Eagles, which then excluded African Americans.[3]

Vietnam War

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Zablocki's official portrait in the 90th Congress, 1967.

Zablocki was assigned to the House Foreign Affairs subcommittee on the Far East and Pacific, and began taking a particular interest in checking Communist expansion in southeast Asia in the early 1950s. In response to increased activity by the Pathet Lao, he suggested that a United Nations mission might be needed for Laos, not unlike the U.S.-led UN mission that had just fought the Korean War.

Zablocki traveled to South Vietnam to assess the government of president Ngo Dinh Diem just weeks before his assassination in 1963. Zablocki expressed that he believed criticism of Diem was overblown, and accusations of corruption were unfounded. Further, he expressed that there was no viable replacement for Diem, and that the Diem regime would remain stable so long as the United States support remained steadfast.[19]

After the assassinations of Diem and Kennedy, Zablocki opposed increased American troop presence in Vietnam. He remained reticent about utilizing American troops after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, but co-sponsored the enabling Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in August 1964.[22] In the year after Tonkin, Zablocki warmed to the idea of direct American involvement in the war, and suggested that he would be comfortable with maintaining an American presence in South Vietnam for more than 15 years.[23]

Although Zablocki's position on Vietnam became more politically unpopular within his party as the war dragged on, he easily survived several primary challenges. He served as chair of President Lyndon B. Johnson's doomed re-election effort in Wisconsin in 1968.[3]

Following the election of Richard Nixon as president, Zablocki continued to support the administration's Vietnam policy.[24] Behind the scenes, however, Zablocki was souring on the war. In 1970, he began work on an early version of the War Powers Resolution. By 1971, Zablocki publicly supported a resolution from the House Foreign Affairs Committee calling for Nixon to set a date for a final American withdrawal from Vietnam as part of a broader effort to return American prisoners of war.[25] And in 1972, Zablocki was a co-author of the Case-Zablocki Act, which required that executive agreements by the president be reported to Congress in 60 days. He ultimately helped push through the final version of the War Powers Resolution in 1973, over Nixon's veto.[26]

Zablocki remained an advocate for the interests of Vietnam War prisoners of war and missing in action. During May 1973 hearings, Zablocki observed that returning prisoners uniformly had expressed their belief that there were no U.S. servicemen still alive in Vietnam.[27]

Chair of House Foreign Affairs

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With the retirement of House Foreign Affairs Committee chairman Thomas E. Morgan in 1977, Zablocki—with 28 years of seniority in the House—was a strong candidate to succeed him in the 95th Congress. But Zablocki faced intense opposition, led by veteran New York congressman Benjamin Rosenthal. Rosenthal circulated a memo criticizing Zablocki's temperament, reputation, and policy positions, accusing him of being more like a conservative Republican on foreign policy issues. Among Rosenthal's policy charges, he faulted Zablocki for frequently siding with nationalist parties, such as the South Korean military dictatorship and the Kuomintang of Taiwan. He accused Zablocki of blocking human rights proposals and attempts to cut off or limit support to regimes that were committing human rights violations. He said Zablocki's stance on the middle east isolated him from all sides—where Zablocki had suggested withdrawing support from both Israel and Egypt. And he assailed Zablocki's continued vocal support for the war in Vietnam long after most of the party had turned against the conflict.[28]

Zablocki reacted angrily and compared the memo to McCarthyism. He charged that Rosenthal's criticism was mostly motivated by his opinion that Zablocki was not sufficiently supportive of Israel. He further responded to some of Rosenthal's specific points, saying that cutting off aid to allies would not improve human rights, and that withdrawing from Vietnam harmed the United States reputation in Asia.[28] But Zablocki did acknowledge that his support of South Vietnam and other nationalist governments in Asia may have "gone overboard" at times.[29]

Ultimately, 72 Democrats voted against Zablocki becoming chair of the committee, but 182 voted in favor, giving him more than enough support to secure the seat.[29] After taking the chair, Zablocki indicated strong support for the policies of the incoming Jimmy Carter administration, including reopening negotiations over the status of the Panama Canal Zone and holding the Soviet Union to their commitments on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the Helsinki Accords. Zablocki also sought to mend fences with Rosenthal, saying the first bill he would issue from his committee would be an amendment to the Export Control Act which would prohibit U.S. traders from joining boycotts against Israel.[29]

At the start of the 96th Congress, President Carter formally recognized the government of the People's Republic of China. Zablocki then introduced the Taiwan Relations Act, which clarified and formalized the position of the United States toward Taiwan in the wake of that recognition. The Taiwan Relations Act remains the foundation of U.S.–Taiwan relations, and restricts an American president from making unilateral changes to that policy.

In the presidency of Ronald Reagan, Zablocki sought common ground and consensus with the Republican administration. Reagan strongly disputed the constitutionality of the War Powers Resolution, which Zablocki had championed. Zablocki—intent on preserving congressional oversight of war powers—negotiated a compromise with Reagan in which his deployment of armed forces to Lebanon would be authorized by Congress, and in exchange Reagan would sign legislation tacitly acknowledging the limits imposed by the war powers resolution.[13]

Later years and death

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Zablocki was wrapping up his seventh year as chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and was at the height of his power and influence when he suffered a heart attack in his office on November 30, 1983, just before a planned meeting with Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir. Zablocki was hospitalized in critical condition for three days, but did not recover. He died December 3, 1983, at Capitol Hill Hospital (now 700 Constitution Apartments).[13]

Zablocki's funeral mass was held at Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church in Milwaukee, and was attended by roughly 1,000 people. Distinguished guests included House speaker Tip O'Neill, several dozen members of Congress, diplomats, and congressional staffers, as well as Wisconsin's governor, Tony Earl, both of Wisconsin's U.S. senators, and Milwaukee mayor Henry Maier. In his eulogy, Reverend Lesniewski described Zablocki as one who was equally at home with "those who ate caviar and those who ate kielbasa". Zablocki was buried at Saint Adalbert Catholic Cemetery in Milwaukee.[30]

Personal life and family

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Clement Zablocki was the fifth of nine children born to Mathias Zablocki and his wife Mary (née Jankowski). Both of Zablocki's parents were immigrants from the Poznań region, part of Poland that was controlled by the German Empire during their lifetime. The Zablockis were Catholics and were members of the Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church in Milwaukee.

Clement Zablocki married his childhood sweetheart, Blanche Janic, in 1937. They had no biological children, but adopted a son and daughter. Zablocki's mother and wife died within days of each other in July 1977.

Legacy

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The Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center at 5000 West National Avenue in Milwaukee is named for him,[31] as is the Zablocki Library and the Clement J. Zablocki Elementary School in Milwaukee.

Electoral history

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Wisconsin Senate (1938, 1942, 1946)

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Year Election Date Elected Defeated Total Plurality
1938[6] Primary Sep. 20 Arthur L. Zimny (inc) Democratic 3,071 37.02% Clement J. Zablocki Dem. 2,660 32.06% 8,296 411
Andrew Wesolowski Dem. 789 9.51%
Henry J. Dettlaff Dem. 494 5.95%
E. D. Wesolowski Dem. 417 5.03%
Ben M. Potter Dem. 291 3.51%
Stanley Fajkowski Dem. 288 3.47%
W. M. Langen Dem. 286 3.45%
1942[7] Primary Sep. 15 Clement J. Zablocki Democratic 3,015 53.62% Richard F. Maruszewski Dem. 2,608 46.38% 5,623 407
General Nov. 3 Clement J. Zablocki Democratic 10,253 48.81% Alfred J. Melms Prog. 6,299 29.99% 21,006 3,954
Harry E. Chelminiak Rep. 3,810 18.14%
Edward Schultheis Soc. 644 3.07%
1946[8] Primary Aug. 13 Clement J. Zablocki (inc) Democratic 4,271 67.63% Martin Franzkowiak Dem. 2,044 32.37% 6,315 2,227
General Nov. 5 Clement J. Zablocki (inc) Democratic 17,414 66.81% Leonard W. Galbrecht Rep. 7,736 29.68% 26,066 9,678
Edward Schultheis Soc. 916 3.51%

U.S. House of Representatives (1948–1982)

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Year Election Date Elected Defeated Total Plurality
1948[12] General Nov. 2 Clement J. Zablocki Democratic 89,391 55.89% John C. Brophy (inc.) Rep. 63,161 39.49% 159,929 26,230
Edmund V. Bobrowicz Prog. 5,051 3.16%
Clement Stachowiak Soc. 2,326 1.45%
1950[32] Primary Sep. 19 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 27,717 72.16% Thaddeus Wasielewski Dem. 10,692 27.84% 38,409 17,025
General Nov. 2 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 83,564 60.88% John C. Brophy Rep. 53,702 39.12% 137,266 29,862
1952[33] Primary Sep. 9 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 43,710 77.84% Edwin L. Nowak Dem. 12,445 22.16% 56,155 31,265
General Nov. 4 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 131,098 64.27% John C. Schafer Rep. 72,869 35.73% 203,967 58,229
1954[34] General Nov. 2 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 100,120 71.09% John C. Schafer Rep. 40,723 28.91% 140,843 59,397
1956[35] General Nov. 6 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 128,213 65.66% William J. Burke Rep. 67,063 34.34% 195,276 61,150
1958[36] Primary Sep. 9 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 36,857 85.38% Roman R. Blenski Dem. 6,311 14.62% 43,168 30,546
General Nov. 4 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 112,226 74.13% James J. Arnold Rep. 39,167 25.87% 151,393 73,059
1960[37] Primary Sep. 13 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 47,718 88.00% Roman R. Blenski Dem. 6,505 12.00% 54,223 41,213
General Nov. 8 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 155,789 71.71% Samuel P. Murray Rep. 61,468 28.29% 217,257 94,321
1962[38] Primary Sep. 11 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 41,408 87.91% Roman R. Blenski Dem. 5,694 12.09% 47,102 35,714
General Nov. 6 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 117,029 72.51% David F. Tillotson Rep. 44,368 27.49% 161,397 72,661
1964[39] Primary Sep. 8 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 48,887 89.28% Roman R. Blenski Dem. 5,870 10.72% 54,757 43,017
General Nov. 3 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 125,683 74.17% Edward E. Estkowski Rep. 43,773 25.83% 169,456 81,910
1966[40] Primary Sep. 13 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 37,588 90.10% Roman R. Blenski Dem. 4,129 9.90% 41,717 33,459
General Nov. 8 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 77,690 74.31% James E. Laessig Rep. 26,863 25.69% 104,553 50,827
1968[41] Primary Sep. 10 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 32,121 86.04% Roman R. Blenski Dem. 5,212 13.96% 37,333 26,909
General Nov. 5 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 118,203 72.62% Walter McCullough Rep. 44,558 27.38% 162,761 73,645
1970[42] Primary Sep. 8 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 32,201 85.35% Donald P. Lass Dem. 5,529 14.65% 37,730 26,672
General Nov. 3 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 102,464 80.35% Phillip D. Mrozinski Rep. 23,081 18.10% 127,530 79,383
John A. Zierhut Amer. 1,985 1.56%
1972[43] Primary Sep. 12 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 32,087 75.78% Therese M. Heimann Dem. 4,337 10.24% 42,340 27,750
Grant D. Waldo Dem. 3,890 9.19%
Roman R. Blenski Dem. 2,026 4.79%
General Nov. 7 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 149,078 75.66% Phillip D. Mrozinski Rep. 45,008 22.84% 197,032 104,070
Eugene Annell Amer. 2,946 1.50%
1974[44] General Nov. 5 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 84,768 72.46% Lewis D. Collison Rep. 27,818 23.78% 116,990 56,950
Herbert O. Jahnke Amer. 4,404 3.76%
1976[45] Primary Sep. 14 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 29,540 83.50% Roman R. Blenski Dem. 5,838 16.50% 35,378 23,702
General Nov. 2 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 172,166 100.0% --Unopposed-- 172,166 N/A
1978[46] General Nov. 7 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 101,575 66.09% Elroy C. Honadel Rep. 52,125 33.91% 153,700 49,450
1980[47] Primary Sep. 9 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 29,411 89.40% Roman R. Blenski Dem. 3,489 10.60% 32,900 25,922
General Nov. 4 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 146,437 70.02% Elroy C. Honadel Rep. 61,027 29.18% 209,134 85,410
Lynn Rashkind Ind. 1,670 0.80%
1982[48] Primary Sep. 14 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 56,047 60.82% Lynn Adelman Dem. 36,102 39.18% 92,149 19,945
General Nov. 2 Clement J. Zablocki (inc.) Democratic 129,557 94.58% Nicholas P. Youngers Lib. 4,064 2.97% 136,988 125,493
John F. Baumgartner Ind. 2,421 1.77%
John Gudenschwager Cons. 946 0.69%

Further reading

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  • Barone, Michael et al. The Almanac of American Politics: 1976 (1975) pp 930–32
  • Leahy, Stephen M. The Life of Milwaukee's Most Popular Politician, Clement J. Zablocki: Milwaukee Politics and Congressional Foreign Policy. Lewiston, NY: The Edward Mellen Press, 2002.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Zablocki, Clement J. 1912". Wisconsin Historical Society. 20 December 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  2. ^ Schoenebaum, Eleanor W., ed. (1979). Profiles of an Era, the Nixon/Ford Years. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 688. ISBN 9780156746625.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Leahy, Stephen M. (2003). Anderson, David L. (ed.). "Clement J. Zablocki - The Politics of Personality and Presidential Power". The Human Tradition in America Since 1945. No. 15. Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. 113–128. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  4. ^ Ohm, Howard F.; Kuehn, Hazel L., eds. (1944). "Members of the Legislature". The Wisconsin Blue Book 1944 (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. p. 27. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  5. ^ Revell, Aldric (September 11, 1938). "State Politics". The Capital Times. p. 9. Retrieved August 5, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ a b Ohm, Howard F.; Bryham, Leone G., eds. (1940). "Parties and Elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book 1940 (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. p. 545. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Ohm, Howard F.; Kuehn, Hazel L., eds. (1944). "Parties and Elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book 1944 (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. pp. 512, 580. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Ohm, Howard F.; Kuehn, Hazel L., eds. (1948). "Parties and Elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book 1948 (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. pp. 608, 679. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  9. ^ "Bobrowicz Runs on Wallace Ticket". The Capital Times. July 19, 1948. p. 6. Retrieved August 5, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Dems See Hope for Six Badger Congress Seats". The Capital Times. October 10, 1948. p. 8. Retrieved August 6, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ Wyngaard, John (October 6, 1948). "Government and Politics". Green Bay Press-Gazette. p. 6. Retrieved August 6, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ a b Ohm, Howard F.; Kuehn, Hazel L., eds. (1950). "Parties and elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book 1950 (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. pp. 652, 754. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  13. ^ a b c Roberts, Steven V. (December 4, 1983). "Clement J. Zablocki of Foreign Affairs Panel Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  14. ^ Powers, Richard P. (January 18, 1950). "Zablocki Sees Hope for China". La Crosse Tribune. Retrieved August 8, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Local Congressmen Laud Israel on Anniversary". Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle. May 13, 1949. p. 3. Retrieved August 8, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "HST Speaks Frankly on Franco". La Crosse Tribune. February 29, 1952. p. 4. Retrieved August 10, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ Goltz, Sanford (March 14, 1951). "Under the Dome". Wisconsin State Journal. p. 6. Retrieved August 10, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ "Parties and Elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book 1958 (Report). Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library. 1958. pp. 666–667. Retrieved August 10, 2024.
  19. ^ a b c "Clement J. Zablocki Oral History Interview – JFK #1 10/29/1965" (PDF). John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. October 29, 1965. Retrieved August 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ "Zablocki Will Back Kennedy for President". Portage Daily Register. February 17, 1959. p. 8. Retrieved August 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ "Labor Backs Him, Kennedy Tells Group". Wisconsin State Journal. October 19, 1959. p. 15. Retrieved August 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "Kastenmeier Okays Resolution, but Questions it". Janesville Daily Gazette. August 7, 1964. p. 18. Retrieved August 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "'Permanent Truce is Possible'". Waukesha County Freeman. December 24, 1965. p. 7. Retrieved August 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ "Says Nixon Missed in Telling New Viet Policy to Congress". Racine Journal Times. May 10, 1972. p. 17. Retrieved August 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ "House 'Hawk' Zablocki Plans Pullout Request". Racine Journal Times. May 12, 1971. p. 24. Retrieved August 11, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ Eleanor W Schoenebaum, ed., Political Profiles: The Nixon/Ford Years (1979) p 688
  27. ^ Allen, Michael J. (2009). Until the last man comes home : POWs, MIAs, and the unending Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-8078-9531-3. OCLC 489150940.
  28. ^ a b Anderson, Jack; Whitten, Les (January 11, 1977). "Zablocki unfit, Dem colleague charges". The Capital Times. p. 38. Retrieved August 6, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ a b c Shannon, Don (February 9, 1977). "Zablocki outlines his goals on foreign policy committee". The Capital Times. p. 45. Retrieved August 6, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ Hunter, John Patrick (December 9, 1983). "Tears, memories mark Zablocki mass". The Capital Times. p. 27. Retrieved August 6, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ "VA government web site". Archived from the original on 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  32. ^ Toepel, M. G.; Kuehn, Hazel L., eds. (1952). "Parties and elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1952 (Report). State of Wisconsin. pp. 675, 745. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  33. ^ Toepel, M. G.; Kuehn, Hazel L., eds. (1954). "Parties and elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1954 (Report). State of Wisconsin. pp. 657, 745. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  34. ^ Toepel, M. G.; Kuehn, Hazel L., eds. (1956). "Parties and elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1956 (Report). State of Wisconsin. p. 747. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  35. ^ Toepel, M. G.; Kuehn, Hazel L., eds. (1958). "Parties and elections". The Wisconsin Blue Book, 1958 (Report). State of Wisconsin. p. 774. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
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Wikisource has original works by or about:
Clement J. Zablocki
Wisconsin Senate
Preceded by Member of the Wisconsin Senate from the 3rd district
January 1, 1943 – January 1, 1949 		Succeeded by
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Wisconsin's 4th congressional district
January 3, 1949 – December 3, 1983 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Thomas E. Morgan
(Pennsylvania)
 Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee
January 3, 1977 – December 3, 1983 		Succeeded by
Dante Fascell
(Florida)
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