Preface to the Lyrical Ballads

The Preface to Lyrical Ballads is an essay, composed by William Wordsworth, for the second edition published in 1800 of the poetry collection Lyrical Ballads, and then greatly expanded in the third edition of 1802. It came to be seen as a de facto manifesto of the Romantic movement.

Key assertions about poetry include:

1. Ordinary life is the best subject for poetry
2. Everyday language is best suited for poetry
3. Expression of feeling is more important than action or plot
4. "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" that "takes its origin from emotion, recollected in tranquillity"

Summary

The *"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"*, written by William Wordsworth in 1800, serves as a foundational text in the Romantic movement. The preface was not originally intended as a separate work, but it became one of the most influential statements on poetry and aesthetics of its time. It is both a defense of the *Lyrical Ballads* collection, co-authored with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and a manifesto for the new Romantic poetry that Wordsworth was championing.

The preface is a complex essay that outlines Wordsworth's vision for poetry, its language, its purpose, and its relationship to the common person. Wordsworth’s primary aim in the preface was to argue for a more natural, spontaneous form of poetry, as opposed to the elaborate, neoclassical verse that had dominated English poetry in the 18th century. This new poetry would be deeply connected to human emotions and would express universal truths through simple, accessible language.

### Key Ideas and Themes:

1. **Poetry as the Expression of Emotion:**

   Wordsworth defines poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings." He argues that the poet is not merely an imitator of nature but is someone who experiences heightened emotional states and transforms them into artistic expression. For Wordsworth, true poetry arises from deep emotions that are closely tied to personal experiences and the natural world.

2. **The Role of the Poet:**

   Wordsworth elevates the role of the poet, describing the poet as someone who is particularly attuned to nature and human emotions. He believes that poets, due to their heightened sensitivity, have a unique ability to see the world with clarity and to communicate profound truths that ordinary people might not recognize. In this way, poets serve as guides to help others understand and appreciate the deeper meaning of existence.

3. **The Use of Simple Language:**

   One of the most radical aspects of the preface is Wordsworth’s advocacy for simple, everyday language in poetry. In contrast to the ornate, artificial language that was popular in the neoclassical tradition, Wordsworth argues that poetry should use the language of common people. He believes that simple language enables a more direct connection between the poet and the reader and allows for greater authenticity in the expression of emotions.

4. **The Natural World as a Source of Inspiration:**

   A central theme of the preface is the importance of nature as both a source of inspiration and a moral guide. Wordsworth contends that nature has the power to stir deep emotions and to lead the poet to a greater understanding of life. The natural world is not just a backdrop for human action, but an active participant in the process of emotional and spiritual growth. Through this connection to nature, poets can engage with universal themes and truths that resonate with all people.

5. **The Purpose of Poetry:**

   Wordsworth asserts that the purpose of poetry is not merely to entertain or to demonstrate technical skill, but to engage with the moral and emotional life of its readers. Poetry, in his view, should aim to uplift and inspire, connecting individuals with their own emotions and with the larger truths of the world. It is meant to encourage reflection, stimulate the imagination, and evoke feelings that lead to a deeper understanding of life and the human condition.

Objectives of the Preface:

1. **To Establish a New Poetic Theory:**

   Wordsworth’s preface seeks to establish the principles of Romantic poetry, arguing against the constraints of formalism and emphasizing the primacy of emotion and nature. This approach would challenge the rationalism and decorum that characterized earlier periods, particularly the Enlightenment and the Augustan Age.

2. **To Defend the *Lyrical Ballads* Collection:**

   Wordsworth wrote the preface as a defense of the *Lyrical Ballads* collection, particularly against critics who felt the poems were too simple or unrefined. He justifies the use of colloquial language and humble subjects, positioning them as authentic representations of human experience.

3. **To Reconcile High and Low Culture:**

   By advocating for poetry that uses simple language and addresses everyday concerns, Wordsworth bridges the gap between the aristocratic, literary tradition and the lives of ordinary people. This democratization of poetry was a key Romantic ideal, reflecting the broader social and political movements of the time.

4. **To Shift the Focus of Poetry Toward Inner Experience:**

   Wordsworth sought to shift the focus of poetry away from external events and heroic deeds, which were the traditional subjects of literature, to the inner emotional life of individuals. He argued that this introspective turn would allow poetry to speak more universally, resonating with the feelings of all readers, not just those familiar with courtly or mythic themes.

In conclusion, the *Preface to Lyrical Ballads* is a pivotal text in the Romantic movement, as it outlines the key ideas of Romanticism and challenges the conventions of earlier poetry. Through this preface, Wordsworth advocates for a more personal, emotional, and accessible form of poetry, one that elevates common language and human experience to a central place in literary expression.